ʻO ka lapalapa nui loa o ka platinum
ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka hoʻokomoʻiaʻana o platinum - me nā mea hana houʻia - he 7.225 miliona mauʻema i ka makahiki 2014.
Hoʻohālikelike kēia i ka emiʻana o ka pāʻeliʻewalu pakeneka mai ka makahiki 2013,ʻo ia ka hopena o ka paʻiʻelima mau makahiki e ka poʻe hana ma nā hui mea miniminaʻoihana ukuʻekolu ma'Akelika Hema.
ʻO ka hana a 70,000 mau mea hana i loaʻa i ka lilo iʻoi aku ka nui o ka 1 miliona mau ounce o ka platinum a ua loaʻa ka waiwai o $ 2.3 billion.
ʻO ka 10 nui o ka platinum nui i heluʻia he 5.14 miliona mau'eleka i ka makahiki 2014, aiʻole he 70 pakeneka o ka nui o ka hana honua.
Ua hōʻawi houʻia ka Angla American Platinum (Amplats), i ka papa inoa o nā mea hoʻolaha nui loa o ka honua, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ana i ka 1.89 miliona mau auneke o ke kola.
ʻOiai ka lōʻihi o ka hana hana ma'Akelika Hema, ua mālamaʻia ka nui o nā metala o ka platinum (PGM) i loaʻa i ka'āina i ka waihoʻiaʻana o ka mea nui loa no ka platinum, aʻo ka heluʻana he 60 pakeneka o kaʻu huahana.
Ua hōʻuluʻuluʻia nāʻikepili heluhana ma lalo mai ka hōʻike pūʻulu makahiki a me nā hana i loaʻa mai i nā pūnaewele meahana (ka makahiki kālā 2014). Hiki ke loaʻa nā huahana platinum i hoʻopiliʻia no kēlā me kēia hui ma kahi kokoke i ka inoa o ka hui a hōʻikeʻia i loko o nāʻaʻa hu.
01 Anglo American Platinum - 1,890,000 oz
ʻO'AlaloʻAmelika Platinum (Amplats) ka papahana PGM o ka'ākau Anglo Amerika.
ʻO nā papahanaʻewalu o ka PGM e pili ana i nā mines whakahaere, nā minia hui pū me nā minuke pili i hoʻolahaʻia ma Afāka Hema a me Zimbabwe. Hoʻounaʻia nā mines mai ka papahana Merensky a me UG2, ka Platifef a me ka Zone Sulphide Nui.
Me kaʻoiʻana o ka hāʻuleʻana o ka 20% mai ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomau ka hui i ka mea nui loa o ka mea hana huapalapala o ka honua, aʻoi aku i ka hapaha o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka platinum maʻemaʻe ma ka makahiki 2014.
Company Profile: Anglo American plc
Kamupene pūnaewele: www.angloamerican.com/
02 Impala Platinum - 1,180,000 oz
Ke hoʻomauʻia nei ka hanaʻenehana platinum e ka Impala Platinum i nā mea kanu Bushveld ma'Akelika Hema a me ka Dyke Nui ma Zimbabwe.
I ka makahiki 2014, ua lilo ka hui i kahi he 16 pakeneka o ka platinum hoʻomehana honua. ʻO nā papahana limaʻelima o Implatʻo Impala, Zimplats, Marula, Mimosa, a meʻelua Rivers.
ʻOiai he 85 pakeneka o ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka PGM mai kēia mau kumuhana, kaʻu punahele,ʻo nā mea i koe he meaʻono ia mai nā mea'ē aʻe e like me keʻano o ka mālama lima a me nā palapala'elike.
Profile Kamaliʻi: Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd.
Kamupene Pūnaewele: www.implats.co.za
03 Norilsk Nickel - 657,000 oz
ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikiaʻia e ke kaua ma'Akelika Hema,ʻo ka Nortink Nickel i hoʻopihaʻia i ka platinum maʻemaʻe maikaʻi i ka makahiki 2013. I ka hoʻonui ikiʻana o ka huahana a me ka emiʻana o ka hana ma Lonmin, hoʻoneʻeʻo Normink mai ka hā ai ke kolu ma ka papa inoa o nā mea hanahana platinum.
ʻO Norilsk Nickel,ʻo ia ka mea nui loa o ka honua i hanaʻia me ka nickel a me ka palladium , nā mea unuhi nui a me ka metalline pūʻulu e like me nā huahana mai nā mines ma Rusia a me Botswana.
Uaʻike ka hui i ka uku pāhīmū maʻamauʻo US $ 1,388 i nā auneke i ka makahiki 2014.
Profile Company: Norilsk Nickel
Kamupene pūnaewele: www.nornik.ru/en
04 Lonmin plc - 436,000 u
Wahi a ka hui, ua loliʻo Lonmin plc i 391,000 mau ounce o ka platinum no nā mea hana lima o ka poʻe South African i ka makahiki 2014.
Ua emi iho ka production i 40 pakeneka mai ka makahiki 2013 a hiki i 436,000 mau ounce, a ua hoʻokahe ka hui i kahi kūlana mai ke kolu a me ka hapahā o nā mea hana.
ʻO nā hana a Lonmin e uhi i 215,000 mau kuea kaulike ma kahi o Marikana. ʻEwaluʻeha kaona, kahi mea puhi, a me ka mea hana hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻohuiʻia i lalo a me kaʻeha.
Ka pūnaewele pūnaewele: www.lonmin.com
05 Me Ke Kai Waiwai - 285,000 oz
ʻO Waiwai Waiwai Minewater wale nō ka mea hana ma mua oʻAmelika a me Rusia.
Honolulu Hale Waiwai, Stillwater Mining i ka platinum, palladium, a me ka rhodium mai nā mininaʻelua ma ka JM Reef ma ke kūkulu hema o Montana.
ʻO ka Ore mai kaʻu mina ka mea i hoʻonohonohoʻia e like me filtercake ma ka meaʻoihana o Columbus, a laila ua hoʻounaʻia iā Johnson Matthey no ka hoʻoponopono hope.
Hoʻopuka hou ka hui i nā PGM mai nā mea converting catalytic a me nā kumuhanaʻoihana'ē aʻe. I ka makahiki 2014, he 57 pakeneka o ka platinum o Stillwater i hanaʻia mai kahi puna mai.
Kamupene Pūnaewele: www.stillwatermining.com
06 Northam Platinum Ltd. - 241,000
Northam Platinum ka mea e hana ana i nā mines Zondereinde a me Booysendal PGM me kahi mea hana hana a me ka mea kani i ka Bushveld Complex of South Africa.
Me ka hopena i kekahi hana hana i ka makahiki 2014,ʻaʻole i like ka hopena o Northam Platinum ma luna o ka pepehi limaʻelima i pili i nā Amplats a me nā Implats. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻikeʻo Northam Platinum i ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ke kūʻaiʻia mai o ka platinum mai 212,000 auneke i ka makahiki 2013 a hiki i 241,000 mau ounce i ka makahiki 2014.
Ke hoʻopiliʻia nei ka PGM e ka Hereaus ma Port Elizabeth, South Africa a me Hanau, Kelemānia, aʻo Northam Platinum ka mea e pono ai ke kūʻai aku i ka platinum, palladium, rhodium, gula , kālā , ruthenium , a me iridium .
Kamupene pūnaewele: http://www.northam.co.za/
Nānā: Ka helu hana ma muli o nā hōʻike i kūʻaiʻia ma kaʻawa aune.
07 Aquarius Platinum - 184,150 oz
Ke hana neiʻo Aquarius Platinum i ka mine mines o Kroondal a me Mimosa ma ka Haleʻo Bush Bush.
ʻO ka Kroondal mine he 50:50 wai a me kaʻaha like a Aquarius me nā Amplats,ʻo Mimosa mine he 50:50 hui hui pū me nā Implats.
Hoʻopuka pūʻo Aquarius i kahi keʻena hoʻolaha hou o Platinum Mile kahi i laweʻia ai nā PGM mai nā hiku o nā kahawai o kēlā me kēia platinum a me nā hana hana minamina ma nā wahi a puni o Kroondal.
Ke kūʻaiʻia nei nā PGM i ka Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd. a me Centametal AG (Switzerland) ma ke ola o kaʻu mau 'aelike no ka hoʻoulu a me ka hoʻouluʻana.
ʻO ka pūnaewele pūnaewele: http://aquariusplatinum.com
Nń Kuhi: Nń helu helu e pili ana i ka ho okumu i ka Aquarius mai ke kńnń Kroondal a me Mimosa (50 pakeneka o kela me keia).
08 Vale SA - 182,000 u
ʻO ka mea nui o ka Brazilian haoʻoihana Hoʻopukaʻo Vale no platinum a me palladium, me ke gula, ke kālā, a me ka cobalt , ma nā huahana mai kona Sudbury, Canada nickel mine.
Ma hope o ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o kaʻewalu pakeneka i ka makahiki 2013,ʻo ka hanaʻana mai o ka platinum mai ka mine i hoʻonui i ka 25 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2014, mai 145,000 mau'uneke i 182,000 auneke.
PGM a me nā metala waiwai i hana muaʻia ma kahi halehana ma Port Colborne, Ontario, ma mua o ka hoʻounaʻiaʻana iā lākou i ka hoʻouluʻaiʻana o Vale ma Acton,ʻEnelani, kahi i hoʻomolaʻia ai lākou i nā hua o keʻano mama.
Profile Company: Vale SA
Kamupene pūnaewele: http://www.vale.com/
09 Glencore plc - 91,000 u
Hāʻawiʻo Glencore i ka platinum, palladium, a me ka rhodium ma nāʻano kūʻai mai ka nickel sulfide ores ma ke kīhāpaiʻo Canadaʻo Sudbury, a mai kaʻeleʻele'Eland a me Mototolo, aia ma kaʻaoʻao hikina o ka Haleʻo Bushveld.
Ua loaʻa nā mino Eland a me Mototolo ma muli o ka hui pūʻana o ka hui me Xstrata i ka makahiki 2013.ʻO Mototolo kaʻu he hui pū me Anglo Platinum.
Ua hoʻomehanaʻia ka 91,000 mau ounce o ka platinum e ka hui i ka makahiki 2014, he hoʻokahi pakeneka mai ka makahiki 2013.
Kamupene Pūnaewele: www.glencorexstrata.com
10 Asahi Holdings - 44,800 oz
ʻO Asahi Holdings he kamupaliʻohana waiwai nuiʻo Iapana e ho'āʻiliʻili ana, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻouluʻana i nā PGM a me nā metala waiwai.
Ma muli o kona kumukūʻai uku platinum i hōʻikeʻia no ka makahiki 2014, ua manaʻoʻia ua hoʻolālāʻia ka hui kokoke i 45,000 mau'unema i ka 2014. E hōʻike ana kēia i ka hoʻonui he 20 pakeneka ma ka makahiki 2013.
Kamupene Pūnaewele: www.asahiholdings.com
Nānā: Ka helu hana ma muli o ka kūʻaiʻiaʻana o nā platinum no ka makahiki 2014 i māheleʻia e ka māna kūʻai kūʻai kālā no ka platinum no ka makahiki.
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