Nā Āhua:
- Hōʻike Atomic: Ni
- Atomic Ka helu: 28
- Keʻano o ka papahana: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kaha: 8.908 g / cm 3
- Ka Hale Hoʻolaha: 2651 ° F (1455 ° C)
- Kohua kai eʻe: 5275 ° F (2913 ° C)
- Moʻolelo o Moh: 4.0
Nā Pūʻulu:
ʻO ka'ōpala nickel e hoʻopiliʻia me ka oxygen a, no laila,ʻaʻole iʻikeʻia ma ka honua, akā naʻeʻo ia ka hapa nui o ka nui ma (a ma ka) honua. Hoʻohuiʻia me ka hao , ua paʻa loa ka nickel, e wehewehe ana i kāna mau mea i loko o nā ores hao a me kona hoʻohana ponoʻia me ka hao e hana i ka kila.
Nō ikaika loa a kūpilikiʻiʻo Nickel i ka corrosion , a he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā leka uila . He loctile a maʻalahi hoʻi ia , nā'āpana eʻae ai i kona mau āpau e hoʻohuiʻia i ke kaula, nā kaula, nā tubula, a me nā pāpale.
Mōʻaukala:
Ua lawe muaʻiaʻo Nickel e Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt i ka makahiki 1751, akā, uaʻikeʻia e ola ma mua. ʻO nā palapala Pelekane mai kahi o 1500BC e pili ana i ka "keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo" ( baitong ), a he mea nui paha he nickel a me ke kālā. ʻO nā poʻe minamina Kelemia heʻumikumamālima, ua manaʻo lākou e hiki iā lākou ke lawe mai i ke keleawe mai ka nickel ores ma Sākona, kahi i kapaʻia i ka mea like me ka kupipernelel - 'ke keleawe o ka diabolō' - ma muli o kā lākou ho'āʻoʻole e hao i ke keleawe mai kaʻili mai, akā, nā hopena olakino i loaʻa i kaʻenehana kiʻekiʻe arsenic i loko o ka pāʻani.
I ka makahiki 1889, ua hōʻikeʻo James Riley i kahi hōʻike i ka Iron and Steel Institute o Beritania Nui i ka hopena o ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka nickel i mea e hoʻoikaika ai i nā pū. ʻO ka hōʻikeʻana a Riley i ka uluʻana i kaʻikeʻana i nā pono o nā mea e pono ai ka nickel a me ka loaʻaʻana o nā nickel nui ma New Caledonia a me Canada.
Ma ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hiki keʻikeʻia ka loaʻaʻana o nā koina waiwai ma Rusia a me'Akelika Hema i ka hanaʻana i nā nickel. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ma hope iho, ua hua ka hopena nui o ke kila a me ke Kaua Honua II.
ʻOihana:
Hoʻokomo nuiʻiaʻo Nickel mai nā pentlandite nickel, pyrrhotite, a me ka millerite, e komo ana i loko o ka 1% nickel content, a me ka limonite muriitic o hope a me ka hale hānai, kahi e pili ana i ka 4% nickel content. Hoʻomoeʻia nā nickel ores ma nā'āina he 23, i ka wā i puhiʻia ka nickel ma nā'āina likeʻole.
ʻO ke kaʻawaleʻana no ka nickel e pili nui ana i keʻano o kaʻili. ʻO nā nickel sulphides, e like me nā mea i loaʻa ma ka Canadian Canadian Shield a me Siberia, keʻikeʻia he hohonu i lalo, e hana ana lākou i nā hana ikaika a he mea nui e lawe. Eia naʻe,ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka papahana no kēia mau ohele he meaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nāʻano likeʻole, e like me ka mea i loaʻa ma New Caledonia. Eia kekahi, he mau pale nickel i nā manawa he pono e komo i nā haumia o nā mea pono'ē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia i kaʻoihana.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nāʻepa Sulphide ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hoʻopunipuni a me ka hana hydrometallurgical aiʻole magnetic no ka hanaʻana i ka nickel matte a me ka oxyide nickel.
ʻO kēia mau huahana waena, ka mea i loaʻa i loko o 40-70% nickel, ke hoʻoponopono houʻia, e hoʻohana pinepine ana i ka hanaʻo Sherritt-Gordon.
ʻO ka Mond (aʻo Carbonyl) Kaʻina hana keʻano maʻamau a maikaʻi loa no ke mālamaʻana i ka sulfate nickel. I kēia hana, ua mālamaʻia ka sulfure me ka hydrogen a ua hānaiʻia i loko o kahi kelika hoʻonaʻauao. Maanei, ua hui pū me carbon monoxide ma kahi o 140F ° (60C ° ) e hana i ka nickel carbon carbon. Hoʻopelu ke kalapona carbonyl nickel ma ka mahele o nā pāpala nickel mua i kahe i loko o kahi lumi wela a hiki i ka nui i makemakeʻia. I nā mahana wela kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia kēia hana no ka hanaʻana i ka nickel kaola.
ʻO nā poʻe hope aku, ma keʻano likeʻole, he mau mea maʻamau i nāʻano pyro-metallic no ka nui o kā lākou mea hao. ʻO nāʻehiku hope loa i loaʻa kahiʻenehana hoʻolālā (35-40%) e pono ai e hoʻomaloʻo i kahi kapuahi kiln.
Laweʻia ka nickel oxide, a hoʻemiʻia me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā uila uila ma nā mahana ma waena o 2480-2930 F ° (1360-1610 C °) a hoʻoliliʻia e hana i ka Class I nickel metal a me ka nickel sulfate.
Ma muli o ka hopena o ka hao ma hope o ka'ōhumu o hope,ʻo ka huahana hope loa o ka mea nui e hana ana me nā ores, ferronickel ia, e hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia e nā meaʻoihanaʻoihana ma hope o ka pauʻana o ke kalaka , carbon, a phosphorus.
ʻO ka'āina,ʻo nā mea nui loa o nā nickel i ka makahiki 2010,ʻo Rūsia, Kanada,'Asalia a me Indonesia. ʻO Norilsk Nickel, Vale SA, a me Jinchuan Group Ltd. ka mea nui loa o nā nickel i hoʻoheheʻeʻia. I kēia wā,ʻo kahi hapa iki o ka nickel i laweʻia mai nā mea hana hou.
Nā noi:
ʻO Nickel kekahi o nā metale i hoʻohana nuiʻia ma ka honua. Wahi a ka Nickel Institute, hoʻohanaʻia ka mea hao ma kahi o 300,000 mau huahana likeʻole. ʻO ka pinepine o ka loaʻaʻana o nā kapuahi a me nā pālekaʻoi aku, akā hoʻohanaʻia ia i ka hanaʻana i nā pihi a me nā mea lōʻihi .
Kila kohu ʻole:
Ma kahi o 65% o nā nickel a pau i hanaʻia i loko o ke kila .
ʻO nā autaʻi Austeniticʻaʻole he mauʻanoʻonika kinoʻole i loaʻa nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium a me ka nickel, a me nāʻano haʻahaʻa o ke kalapona. ʻO kēia pūʻulu o nā pūʻali - i hoʻohuiʻia he 300 - i ke kinona - kūpono no ko lākou kūlana a me ke kū'ēʻana i kaʻinoʻino. ʻO nā Austenitics ka papaʻoi loa o ka mea kila .
ʻO ka nui o nā'āpana heheʻe i ka nickel e kuhikuhiʻia e ko lākou'enekeʻeleʻele i hoʻohālikelikeʻia (FCC), a he hoʻokahi atom ma kēlā kihi kēia kihi o ka pahu a hoʻokahi i waena o kēlā me kēia maka. Hoʻokumuʻia kēiaʻanoʻano palaoa ma ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka nui o ka nickel i ke kinikini (ʻewalu a he 10% ma kahi o nāʻonika'onihi stainless steel ).
Nā kumuhana:
Street, Arthur. & Alekanedero, WO 1944. Nā Malu i loko o ka lawelawe a ke kanaka . 11th Edition (1998).
USGS. NĀ KAHUʻAU KAHUʻAU KAHUʻAU: Nickel (2011).
Kumu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/
Encyclopedia Britannica. Nickel.
Kumu: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414238/nickel-Ni
Profil Kamana: Nickel