E kiʻi i kaʻike ma ka History, Production, Nā noi o kēia Mīkini Hua
ʻO ke kinona Dysprosium he mīkini haʻahaʻa o ke kino honua (REE) i hoʻohanaʻia i loko o nā mea kūpaʻa mau loa no ka ikaika o ka palaka me ka lōʻihi o ka mahana.
Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Ake: Dy
- Atomic Helu: 66
- Keʻano o ka hui: Lanthanide metal
- ʻO ka'ōmole pahu: 162.50
- Ka Melting Point: 1412 ° C
- ʻO Boiling Point: 2567 ° C
- Ke Kuhikuhina: 8.551g / cm 3
- ʻO ka paʻakikī Vickers: 540 MPa
Nāʻano
ʻOiai e noho paʻa ana i ka ea ma nā mahana wela, e hana ana ka metala dysprosium me ka wai anuanu a wikiwiki ia e hoʻopili aku me ka wai.
I loko o ka waiuma hydrofluoric, akā,ʻo ka mea kaumaha kaumaha honua ka mea e hoʻokumu i kahi papa hoʻomalu o dysprosium fluoride (DyF 3 ).
ʻO ke noi nui o nā meaʻoluʻolu,ʻeleʻele kālā-kala, aia i loko o nā mea lōʻihi. Ma muli o kaʻoiaʻiʻo o ka dysprosium maʻemaʻe ma luna o -93 ° C (-136 ° F),ʻo ia hoʻi, uaʻonoʻia i nā māla i loko o ka nui o nā mahana.
Me ka holmium, ua loaʻa i ka dysprosium ka manawaʻoi loa loa (ka ikaika a me ke kuhikuhi o ka hopena o nā hopena e pili ana i kahi mālā magnetic) o kekahi mea.
ʻO kaʻenehana hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe a Dysprosium a me ka'āpana'āpana hoʻomalu palekana e'āpono ai ia e hoʻohanaʻia i nā koʻokoʻo mana hoʻolālā.
ʻOiaiʻo ka dysprosium ka mīkini me ka'ōwiliʻole,ʻaʻole hoʻohanaʻia e like me ke kila maʻemaʻe a iʻole nā alloys hoʻohui .
E like me nā kukui'ē aʻe (aiʻole ka'āina honuaʻole),ʻo ka dysprosium e pili mau i nā kino me nāʻano lepo honua'ē aʻe.
Mōʻaukala
ʻO ka loea kilokiloʻo Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbadran i hoʻomaopopo muaʻia ka dysprosium ma keʻano he kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 1886 aʻo ia e nānā ana i ka erbium oxide.
Ma ka hoʻomanaʻoʻana i keʻano pili pono o REEs,ʻo Boisbaudran i hoʻomaka mua e ninaninau i kaʻeha'oketetona ino, a ua hukiʻo ia i ka erbium a me ka terbium me ka waiʻona a me ka ammonia.
Uaʻikeʻiaʻo Erbium oxide,ʻo ia iho, e halihali ana iʻelua mau mea'ē aʻe, holmium, a me ke kau.
I ko Boisbaudran hanaʻana ma kahi o kona home, ua hoʻomaka nā māmā e hōʻike iā lākou iho e like me nā pēpē Lūkini, a ma hope o nā huapona'okiki 32 a me 26 mau kahawai ammonia, ua hiki iā Boisbaudran ke kuhikuhi i ka dysprosium ma keʻano he mea kūikawā. Ua kapaʻo ia i ka inoa hou ma hope o ka'ōlelo Helene dysprositos ,ʻo ia hoʻi he "paʻakikī e loaʻa".
Ua hoʻomākaukauʻia nāʻano māmā o ka māhele i ka makahiki 1906 e Georges Urbain,ʻoiai keʻano o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe (ma nā kūlana o kēia manawa) no ka mea i hoʻohālikelikeʻia a hiki i ka makahiki 1950, ma hope o ka hoʻomohalaʻana i keʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana a me nā hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa metallographic e Frank Harold Spedding, ka paionia o kaʻimi noiʻi honuaʻole, a me kona pūʻulu ma ka papahanaʻo Ames.
ʻO ka papahanaʻo Ames, me ka Lavalratory Ordinary Naval, ka mea nui i ka hoʻomohalaʻana i kekahi o nā mea hoʻohana mua loa no dysprosium, Terfenol-D. Uaʻimiʻia nā mea hana i nā mele i nā makahiki 1970 a ua kūʻaiʻia i nā makahiki 1980 no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā keiki naval, nā mea magnetic-mechanical sensors, actuators, a me transducers.
Ua ulu pū ka hoʻohanaʻana o Dysprosium i nā mea hoʻonani mau loa me ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā magnona neodymium - iron - boron (NdFeB) i nā makahiki 1980. ʻO ka noiʻiʻana a nā Motors Motors a me Sumitomo Momo Malu i alakaʻiʻia i ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o kēia mau māmā ikaika a me ka maikaʻi o nā pelekane mua (samarium- cobalt ), i hanaʻia ma mua he 20 makahiki ma mua.
ʻO ka hoʻohuiʻana o waena o ka 3 a 6% o ka dysprosium (ma ke kaumaha) i ka allilia magnet NdFeB e hoʻonui ai i ka point Curie a me ka paʻapaʻa, no laila, hoʻonui i ka paʻa a me ka hana ma nā mahana wela ka mea e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻopauʻana.
Hoʻomākaukau nāʻano NDFeB i kēia mau hae i nā noi'elepona a me nā kaʻa uila ukali.
Ua hoʻokomoʻia nā REEs, me ka dysprosium, i loko o ka pāʻani honua i ka 2009 ma hope o ka palena o nā hoʻokuʻuʻana o China i nā kumuhana i alakaʻiʻia e hoʻolako i nā pōkole a me nā pono o nā mea kālā i nā metala. ʻO kēia, i ka hopena, ua alakaʻiʻia i ka hoʻonui pinepineʻana i nā kumukūʻai a me nā waiwai nui i ka hoʻomohalaʻana i nā kumuhana'ē aʻe.
Ka hana
ʻO ka nānāʻana aku i kaʻikeʻana i ke kūlana o ka hana REE i nā lā a pau, he mea nui ia i kaʻikeʻana o ka helu'āina he 90% o ka hana REE hou.
ʻOiai he nui nāʻanoʻano likeʻole, e like me ka monazite a me ka bastnasite, ma loko o ka dysprosium,ʻo nā kumu me ka hapa nuiʻoi loa o ka dysprosium i loko o nā pākākūkā adsoption ion o ka'āinaʻo Jiangxi, Kina a me ka xenotime ores ma South China a me Malaysia.
Ma muli o keʻano o kaʻili, pono e hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano hana hydrometallurgical no ka unuhiʻana i nā REEs hoʻokahi. ʻO ka loiloiʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana o nā koʻikoʻi,ʻo ia keʻano maʻamau o ka unuhiʻana i ka lepo sulfate maʻemaʻe, kahi hui kūpono e hiki ke hanaʻia ma muli o ka hoʻololi o ka hoʻololi. ʻO ka hopena o nā kinona dysprosium i ka manawa e hoʻokūpaʻaʻia me nā fluorine e lilo i dysprosium fluoride.
Hiki ke hoʻemiʻia ka Dessprosium fluoride i loko o nā meaʻenehana hoʻohui ma ka hoʻomehanaʻana me ka calcium i nā wela piha i loko o nā kahawai.
Hoʻopiʻiʻia ka hana o ka dysprosium i kahi o 1800 metone mika (i loko o ka dysprosium) i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO kēia mau moʻolelo no kahi wale nō pakeneka o nā'āina āpauʻole i hoʻohuiʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka mea nui loa o ka honua nei i hoʻokumuʻia me Baotou Steel Rare Earth Hi-Tech Co., China Minmetals Corp., a me ka Hui Alauminika o Kina (CHALCO).
Nā noi
ʻO kaʻoihana nui loa o ka dysprosium,ʻo ia ka mea hana paʻa mau. ʻO ia mau mea nui kaʻoihana o ka mākeke no nā motua traction māmā e hoʻohanaʻia ana i nā kaʻa uila a me nā elela, nā mea hana puhi makani a me nā diskiʻino.
Kaomi maanei e heluhelu hou e pili ana i nā noi dysprosium.
Nā kumuhana:
Emsley, John. Nā Palekana o ka Nature: A A Guide A i nā Mea Hoʻohālike .
KulaʻOihana'Oxford; Hōʻike Hou Hou (Sept. 14 2011)
Hoʻolālā Honua Arnold. ʻO ka Poʻomanaʻo nui o Dysprosium i nā Mea Hoʻolaha Hoʻopiʻi Hoʻopiʻi . Ianuali 17, 2012.
ʻO ka Geological British. Ka Honua Pae'Āina . Novema 2011.
HKH: www.mineralsuk.com
Kingsnorth, Prof. Dudley. "Hiki i ke ola aliʻi o ka honua ke kūleʻa i Kina." Kālepa'Āina Hui Hana'Āina a me nāʻAna Hui. Hōʻike: September 24, 2013.
E hahai i Terence ma Google