ʻO ka'alakapa he māla uila a hanaʻia e hana i nā'āpana o ka ikaika, kaʻinoʻino a me nā'āpana āpau a me ka wela, nā mea hoʻomalu mau loa a me nā konalima paʻakikī.
Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Manaʻo Atomic: Co
- Atomic Helu: 27
- ʻO ka Atomic Mass: 58.93g / mol
- Keʻano o ka papahana: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kahamaha: 8.86g / cm 3 i 20 ° C
- Ka mea hoʻolālā: 2723 ° F (1495 ° C)
- Kohua kai eʻe: 5301 ° F (2927 ° C)
- ʻO ke kaumaha o Moh: 5
Nāʻano
ʻO kaʻalani pālahalaha keʻohuʻu he'oniʻoki, he wahi kiʻekiʻe a hoʻolālā a he kūpono ia no ka kū'ēʻana i ke kākoʻo a me ka hiki ke kāohi i kona ikaika ma nā wela.
ʻO ia kekahi o nāʻekolu metala maʻamau (ʻo ka hao a me ka nickel ka lua aʻe) a ke hoʻomau nei i kona magnetism i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (2012 ° F, 1100 ° C) ma mua o nā mea'ē aʻe. I kekahi'ōlelo'ē aʻe,ʻo ka cobalt ka Curie Point kiʻekiʻe loa o nā metala. ʻO ka pahu kaukau kekahi mau mea catalytic pono
Mōʻaukala
ʻO ka hua'ōlelo cobalt e hōʻea ana i ka inoaʻo German kobold i kaʻumikumamāono o ka makahikiʻumikumamāono,ʻo ia hoʻi ka inoa o kaʻolo, a me kaʻuhaneʻino paha. Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Kobold e wehewehe i nāʻaha me ke kālepaʻana i ka mea kālā, i ka wā i puhiʻiaʻo ia no ka lako kālā, hāʻawiʻiaʻo ia i ka trioxide arsenic.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka muaʻana o ka cobalt i loko o ka pūnaewele i hoʻohanaʻia no nā mea uliuli no ka ipu lepo, ke aniani, a me nā'ōmole. ʻO ka ipu oʻAigupita a me Papelonia iʻokiʻia me ka pūpū kāhili e hiki ke hoʻihoʻiʻia i ka 1450 BC
I ka makahiki 1735,ʻo Georg Brandt ka mea lapaʻau Swedish ka mea mua e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kumu mai ka hao keleawe . Ua hōʻikeʻo ia e ala mai ana ka puaʻaʻulaʻula mai ka cobalt,ʻaʻole ka arsenic a me ka bismuth e like me ka mea i manaʻoʻiʻoʻia ma mua.
Ma hope o kona hoʻokuʻuʻiaʻana, kū mau ke kola pahū aʻaʻole hoʻohana ikiʻia a hiki i ka 20st century.
Ma hope koke iho o ka makahiki 1900, ua hoʻokumu ke kanaka kūʻai kālai'āinaʻo Elwood Haynes i nā mea palekana kūpikipiki hou, a ua kapaʻiaʻo ia he "satellite". Hoʻomaloleiʻia i ka makahiki 1907, aia nā'āleka'eneka elela i loko o kaʻahu me ka chromium kiʻekiʻe aʻaʻole loa ka magnetic.
ʻO kekahi hana nui'ē aʻe no ka pale kau i hele mai me ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o nā alumini alumino -nickel-cobalt (AlNiCo) i nā makahiki 1940. ʻO AlNiCo nā mea nui ka mea mua i paniʻia i nā electromagnetic. I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻololi houʻia kaʻoihana e ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā mea nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka ikaika o ka ikaika o ka ikaika.
ʻO kaʻoihanaʻoihanaʻoihanaʻoihana palekana i hoʻokomoʻia i ka London Metal Exchange (LME) e hoʻokomo ana i nāʻaelike hope o ka'ahuhuhu ma 2010.
Ka hana
Hanaʻia ka'alika i nā nickel-bearing laterites a me nā nickel-copper sulfide pūnaewele a, no laila, ua lawe pinepineʻia mai ma keʻano he nickel a me ke keleawe. Wahi a ka Cobalt Development Institute, e pili ana he 48% o ka hana pākali i loaʻa mai i nā nickel ores, 37% mai ke keleawe a me ka 15% mai ka papa hana mua.
ʻO nā kumu nui o ka pale kau he cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, a skutterudite.
Hoʻohanaʻia kaʻenehana hoʻokuʻu i ka hanaʻana i nā kila momona i hoʻohuiʻia ma kaʻano o ka mea hānai i loko o keʻano o (1) keʻano pale keleawe-cobalt sulfide, (2) concentbal cobalt-nickel sulfide, (3) arsenide ore or (4) nickel-laterite alamea:
- Ma hope o ka hoʻopiliʻiaʻana o nā koʻi keleawe mai loko mai o ka sulfal sulfal, cobalt, a me nā meaʻinoʻole'ē aʻe, e waiho i ka electrolyte pau. Hoʻopauʻia nā kino (hao, nickel, keleawe, zinc ) a hoʻokuʻuʻia ka pale kau i loko o kona hana waihā me ka lime. Hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia ke kolaka pahuma mai kēia hoʻohanaʻana i ka electrolysis, ma mua o ka'ānaiʻia a me ka hoʻopiʻiʻiaʻana e hana i ka mea kila maʻemaʻe.
- Nānāʻia nā nickel sulfide ores i nā koleka me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hana Sherritt, i kapaʻiaʻo Sherrit Gordon Mines Ltd. (ʻo Sherritt International kēia). I kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻonāukiuki ka sulfide i loko o ka 1% cobalt i nā mea wela ma nā mahana wela ma kahi hopena amonia. Hoʻokomoʻia nā pahu a me nā nickel i loko o ke kaʻina o nā kaʻina hana hoʻemi mole, e waiho wale ana i ka nickel a me ka cobalt sulfides. Hoʻopiliʻia kaʻili me ka ea, sulfuric acid, a me ka amonia iʻoi aku ka nickel hou aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻouluʻana o ka lepo palaka e like me ka hua e huki ai i ka cobalt i loko o ke ea hau.
- Hoʻopiliʻiaʻo Arsenide ores i mea e hoʻoneʻe ai i ka hapa nui o kaʻehā arsenic. Hoʻomaopopoʻia nā ores i ka waihydch chlorine, a me ka chlorine, aiʻole me ka sulfuric acid, e hana i kahi hopena holoiʻana i hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia. Mai kēia cobalt i loaʻa mai i ka electrorefining a iʻole ke kalapona kalapona.
- Nickel-cobalt ma hope aku e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻeʻia nāʻeha a hoʻokaʻawaleʻia me nāʻano pyrometallurgical a me nā hana hydrometallurgical, e hoʻohana i ka sulfuric acid a me nā solicia ammonia leach.
Wahi aʻAmelika Geological Survey (USGS), he 88,000 mau toni ka nui o kaʻu hanaʻana i ka'alemu. 2010.ʻO kaʻehu kaukau nui nui o ka'āinaʻo ia ka Republic Democratic Republic of Congo (45,000 tonnes), Zambia (11,000) a me Kina (6,200 ).
ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana i nā kālepa e hana pinepineʻia ma waho o ka'āina kahi i hua muaʻia ai ka kānana a iʻole ka papa. I ka makahiki 2010,ʻo nā'āina e hoʻopuka ana i ka nui o ka palekana i hoʻoheheʻeʻiaʻo Kina (33,000 tons), Finland (9,300) a me Zambia (5,000). ʻO ka mea nui loa o nā papahana hoʻoheheʻeʻia i hoʻopiliʻia,ʻo ia ka OM Group, Sherritt International, Xstrata Nickel a me Jinchuan Group.
Nā noi
ʻO nā mea nui, e like me ka satellite satellite, nā mea kūʻai nui loa o nā meaʻoi aku ke kolamu, a he 20% o ka noi. Hana nuiʻia nā hao, ka'alea a me ka nickel, akā i loko o nā mea liʻiliʻi he nui, e like me ka chromium , tungsten , aluminika a me ka hao , ua kūpono kēia mau alalaki kiʻekiʻe i nā mahana wela, kaʻinoʻino a me ke kapa, a ua hoʻohanaʻia no ka hanaʻana i nāʻaina turbine nā mīkini jet, nāʻaoʻao mīkini paʻakikī, nā pahū i hoʻopihaʻia, a me nā pahu pahu.
ʻO kekahiʻano koʻikoʻi no ka paleʻana i loko o nā'āpana āpau-āpau (e like me Vitallium), hiki ke loaʻa i nā lāʻau kothopedic a me nā niho, a me nā kuli a me nā kuli.
ʻO ka maʻaleʻale, kahi i hoʻohanaʻia ai ka cobalt e like me kahi mea paʻa, e hoʻonui i ka 12% o kaʻahu kau. ʻO kēia mau mea me nā kāpili kāmele a me nā mea hana diamond i hoʻohanaʻia no keʻokiʻana i nā noi a me nā mea hanahana.
Hoʻohanaʻia ka papa kaukau e hana i nā mea hanohano, e like me ka'ōlelo AlNiCo a me nā māmā samarium-cobalt i'ōlelo muaʻia. No ka'eneki poho nui no 7% o ke koi kauʻalani a hoʻohanaʻia i nā mea kani mele, nā māmā elekene, a me nā meahana.
ʻOiai nā hoʻohana nuiʻana no ke kolamu pāpale, nā pahuhana mua o ka cobalt i loko o ka māheleʻenehana, kahi e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka nui o ka makemake o ka honua. Hoʻomohanaʻia nā kinikali paʻalikaliko i nā'ōpoki kūpona o nā pali momona, a pēlā pū me nā mea hana pālolo, me nā meaʻoniʻoni, a me nā mea hoʻolima.
Nā kumuhana:
ʻO Young, Roland S. Cobalt . New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. 1948.
ʻO Davis, Joseph R. ASM Handbook Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, a me ko lākou mau Aloha . ASM International: 2000.
Darton Commodities Ltd .: Cobalt Market 2009 .