Hiki keʻike nuiʻia ke kalapuni chromium no kona hoʻohanaʻiaʻana i ka chromium plating (kahi pinepineʻia i ka 'chrome'), akāʻo kona hoʻohana nui loaʻia heʻano hoʻohuiʻia i nā'ōpū kino . Loaʻa nāʻaoʻaoʻelua i ka paʻakikī o chromium, ke kū'ē i kaʻinoʻino , a me ka hiki ke hoʻonaniʻia no keʻano o ke kino.
Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Manaʻo Atomic: Cr
- Atomic Helu: 24
- ʻO ka Atomic Mass: 51.996g / mol 1
- Nā mea e hoʻohuiʻia: Ke kaʻina hana
- Density: 7.19g / cm 3 ma 20 ° C
- Ka Hale Hoʻolaha: 3465 ° F (1907 ° C)
- ʻO Boiling Point: 4840 ° F (2671 ° C)
- ʻO ka Mole o Moh: 5.5
Nāʻano
ʻO ka Chromium he mea kila kaumaha, aʻeleʻele i kūpono no kona kū'ē kūʻokoʻa i ka corrosion. ʻO ka poli kapu he magnetic a me ke kuʻi, akā i ka manawa e hiki ai ke hanaʻia ke pale me ka poliʻia i kahi'ōmaʻomaʻo.
Loaʻa iā Chromium kona inoa mai ka khrōma, he'ōlelo Helene e pili ana i kaʻeleʻele, ma muli o kona hiki ke hana i nā meaʻono, me nā mea pena, e like me ka choda oxide.
Mōʻaukala
I ka makahiki 1797, ua hoʻopuka ka loea kilokilo Nicolas-Louis Vauguelin i ka metal chromium maʻemaʻe ma ka hanaʻana i ka crocoite (he mineral chromium) me ka pāmahana pāpona. A laila, e hoʻemiʻia ka huapona chromic me ka carbon i loko o ke kahawai graphite.
ʻOiai ua hoʻohanaʻia nā pūpuni chromium i loko o nā meaʻono a me nā paina no nā makahiki he mau makahiki,ʻaʻole ia ma hope o kaʻikeʻana o Vauguelin e hoʻohanaʻia ka chromium i nā hana metala i hoʻomakaʻia e hoʻomohala.
Ma ka hopena o ka makahiki 19 a me ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻokolohua nā metallurgists maʻEulopa me nā'ōleka keleawe , e ho'āʻo ana e hana i nā ikaika ikaika a lōʻihi.
I ka makahiki 1912, e hana ana ma Firth Brown Laboratories ma UK, ua hoʻokumuʻiaʻo Harry Brearley ma ka huliʻana i nā meaʻoi akuʻoi aku o nā meaʻoi akuʻoi aku.
Ua hoʻonuiʻo ia i ka chromium, kahi iʻikeʻia he kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻoheheʻeʻana, i ka'alaina kālai'āina kahiko, e hana ana i ke kila kila mua. Eia naʻe, i ka manawa like,ʻo nā mea'ē aʻe,ʻo ia hoʻiʻo Elwood Haynes i ka US a me nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ma Krupp i Kelemānia, ke kūkulu nei hoʻi i nā chrome i loaʻa nā'āpana kila. Me ka hoʻomohalaʻana o ka umu ahi uila, hanaʻia ka nui o ka'āpana'ōmaʻomaʻo i hahaiʻia ma hope koke iho o kēlā.
I loko o ia manawa, ua hanaʻia nā noiʻi ma nā metala pāpili, aʻo ia hoʻi nā metala liʻiliʻi, e like me ka hao a me ka nickel , eʻae aku i ko lākou kū i waho o ka chromium waho i ka hōʻino a me ka palaʻino, a me kona mauʻano maikaʻi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona mua chrome iʻikeʻia ma nā kaʻa a me nā aniani kiʻekiʻe loa i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1920.
Ka hana
ʻO nā huaʻanoni chromiumʻoihana he metala chromium, ferrochrome, nā kinikūkini chromium a me nā one one. I nā mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nui ka piʻiʻana o ka hoʻohuiʻiaʻana o ka palekana ma ka hanaʻana i nā mea makamae. ʻO ia,ʻoi aku nāʻoihana i komo i ka hanaʻana o ka kānana chromite e hana pū ana hoʻi i loko o ke kapuahi chromium, ferrochrome a, a ma hope loa, he kila kila.
I ka 2010 i hanaʻia ka'ōpana chromita (FeCr 2 O 4 ),ʻo ka mineral mua i laweʻia no ka chromium production he 25 miliona mau tononi.
ʻO ka hanaʻana o Ferrochrome he 7 miliona mau kuala, akā he 40,000 talani keʻano o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka chromium. Hoʻopukaʻia ka Ferrochromium e hoʻohana wale i nā'alekila kalaʻula, akā e hiki ke hanaʻia ka metala chromium ma o nā mea electrolytic, silico-thermic a me aluminothermic.
I loko o ka hanaʻana o ka ferrochrome, ka hana wela i hanaʻia e nā kukui uila, e hiki aku i 5070 ° F (2800 ° C), e hoʻoulu i ka coal a me ka coke e hoʻemi ai i ka hao kineta ma o ka hopena o ke kala. I ka manawa i puhiʻia ai nā mea pono i loko o ka umu ahi, ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ka mea i hoʻoheheʻeʻia a hoʻohuiʻia i loko o nā hale nui ma mua o kaʻokiʻiaʻana.
ʻO Aluminothermic ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā kala mele kinolima kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 95% o ka metala chromium i hanaʻia i kēia lā. ʻO ka hana mua ma kēia kaʻina hana eʻailaʻia ka'ōmaʻa chromite me ka lepo a me ka lime i ka ea ma 2000 ° F (1000 ° C), ka mea e hana ai i ka sulfate chromate i loko o ka calcine.
Hiki ke hoʻokuʻuʻia mai ka mea hoʻoneoneo a laila hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻokuʻuʻia e like me ka oxide chromic (Cr 2 O 3 ).
Hoʻowiliʻia ka'opalaʻau chromic me ka lepo alumini a hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka lepo pālolo. Hoʻomoeʻia ka lepo o ka Barium peroxide a me ka magnesium i ka paila, aʻo ke kai e hoʻopuniʻia e ke one (kahi hana hoʻolele).
Hoʻokuʻuʻia ka huiʻana, e loaʻa ai ka oxygen mai ka oxyide chromic e hana ana me ka alumini e hana i ka mea alumini alumini a, a laila, e hoʻokuʻu i ka metala hao he 97-99% pure.
Wahi a ka US Geological Survey statistics,ʻo ka mea nui loa o nā kāpena chromite i ka makahiki 2009 he South Africa (33%), India (20%), a me Kazakhstan (17%). ʻO ka ferrochrome nui loa o nā hui e komo pū ana me Xstrata , Natural Resources Corp. (Kazakhstan), Samancor (South Africa), a me Hernic Ferrochrome (South Africa).
Nā noi
Wahi a ka International Development Association no Chromium, no ka huinanui chromite i laweʻia i ka makahiki 2009, 95.2% i pau i ka hana kuhinuʻu, 3.2% ma o kaʻoihana hoʻolālā a me ke kūʻaiʻia, a 1.6% e nā mea hanaʻimi. ʻO ka hoʻohana nuiʻana no ka chromium i loko o nā'ōpēʻokoʻa, nā pūmole i hoʻohuiʻia, a me nā'āpana alaʻole.
Nānā nā'ōhū kino i kahi o nā kumukūʻai i loaʻa i waena o 10% a 30% chromium (ma ke kaumaha) aʻaʻole e hōʻino a'ōhū paha e like me nā kaʻa mau. Aia ma waena o 150 a 200 mau hananaʻanoʻano likeʻole, akā wale nō ma kahi o 10% o kēia mau mea e hoʻohana mauʻia ana.
Nā kumuhana:
ʻO Sully,ʻo Arthur Henry, a me Eric A. Brandes. Chromium . London: Butterworths, 1954.
Street, Arthur. & Alekanedero, WO 1944. Nā Malu i loko o ka lawelawe a ke kanaka . 11th Edition (1998).
ʻO ka International Chromium Development Association (ICDA).
Punaewele: www.icdacr.com
Chromium Superal Trade Names
| Inoa inoa | Kaʻikepili Chromium (% Weight) |
|---|---|
| Hastelloy-X® | 22 |
| WI-52® | 21 |
| ʻO Waspaloy® | 20 |
| Nimonic® | 20 |
| IN-718® | 19 |
| ʻO nā mea kino hao | 17-25 |
| Inconel® | 14-24 |
| Udimet-700® | 15 |