ʻO ka mea nui loa o ka honua
Ua piʻi ka papahana alumina honua i 54 miliona metric mau i ka makahiki 2014, kahi i hoʻonuiʻia heʻewalu pakeneka i ka makahiki 2013.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea nui loa o ka honua i hoʻopukaʻia (ma nā huahana) uaʻikeʻia he 27 miliona mau toni a hapa paha o nā hana a pau.
ʻO ka hapa nui o kēiaʻano mai Asia mai,ʻo ia ka kumu o kahi 36.6 miliona tononi a ma kahi oʻelua hapakolu o ka nui o ka honua.
Hoʻohālikelikeʻia me kekahi makahiki'ē aʻe o ka hoʻolako nui,ʻo kēlā me kēia o nā mea nui loa o ka honua -ʻo UC Rusal, Chalco, Rio Tinto a me Alcoa - i kāohiʻia i ka makahiki 2013. Akā,ʻo nā hale i koe i loko o nā papa he umi iʻoi aku ka nui o nā puka puka ma mua o ka makahiki i hala.
ʻO ke kumukūʻaiʻo London Metal Exchange (LME) he mau kumukūʻai kālā no ka hoʻolālā kālā i ukuʻia he US $ 1,867 ma o ka ton i ka makahiki 2014, kahi piʻi iki ma ka makahiki 2013.
ʻO ka papa inoa ma lalo nei e hoʻokumuʻia ma luna o nā huahana mai nā kumukūʻai mua e like me ia i hōʻikeʻia i nā hōʻike makahiki makahiki a kēlā me kēia hui.ʻO nā huina kālā - i hōʻikeʻia ma kēlā me kēia inoa o ka hui - aia i nā mano o ke tononi metric (kilotonnes a kt).
01 UC Rusal (Lūkia) - 3,601kt
Ua hoʻouka ka UC Rusal o Rusia i ka papa inoa o nā meahana nui loa o ka honua no ka makahiki hou.
ʻOiai heʻehiku pakeneka ka nui o ka hanaʻana ma muli o kahi papa hana palekana, uaʻoi aku kaʻoihana iʻoi aku ma kahi o 3.6 miliona tononi a iʻole 6.7 pakeneka o ka puka puka honua, i ka makahiki 2014.
Ke hana nei ka hui i 14 mau mea smilters alumini maʻekolu mau'āina. Heʻumikumamālua i Rūsia, me hoʻokahi i hoʻokahi ma Suedena a me Nigeria. Aia nā waiwai nui o Rusal ma Siberia, ma kahi o ka 95% o ka hanahana alumina o ka hui i 2014.
Paena pūnaewele: www.rusal.ru/en
02 Hui Aluminium o Kina (Kina) - 3,380kt
ʻO ka Hui Aluminium o Kina (Chalco) ka mea hana nui ma China i ka 2014. Ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o ka hana i kahi kokoke 3.4 miliona mau, ua lilo kēia iʻoi aku ka nui o ka emi he 10% mai ka makahiki 2013.
Hoʻohanaʻo Chalco ma luna o 100,000 mau limahana a he hana pū nō hoʻi i ke keleawe ke puhiʻana, nā huahana kalapona, ke gallium , a me nā lepo honuaʻole.
Ua heluʻia ka moku'āina i Shanghai, Hong Kong, a me New Exchange Stock Trade.
ʻO kona mau alumina waiwai nui,ʻo ia ka Shandong Aluminum Company, Pingguo Aluminum Company, Shanxi Aluminum Plant and the Lanzhou Aluminum Plant.
Paena pūnaewele: www.chalco.com.cn
03 Aloha Oe - Aloha Oe - 3,361kt
Ua mālamaʻia ka'enela nui o Australian Rio Tinto ma kona wahi heʻekolu mea nui loa o ka mea hanahana alumina mai 2013 mai he hapahaʻelima o ka puka.
Ua hoʻopauʻia ka hoʻemiʻana i ka hoʻemiʻana ma ka hoʻemiʻana i ka uku a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka huahana, a ua hopena i ka huila alumila Rio Tinto e hōʻike ana i ka piʻiʻana he 124 pakeneka i ka loaʻaʻana i ka makahiki 2014.
ʻO nāʻenehana aluminika nui o ka hui e noho nei ma Kanada (8 mau mea smelters), Cameroon, France, Iceland, Norway, a me ka Middle East.
ʻO nā huahana i hoʻohuiʻia he 62 pakeneka o ka mea nui i hoʻokumuʻia i ka makahiki 2014.
Paena pūnaewele: www.riotinto.com
04 China Hongqiao Lahui Ltina (Kina) - 3,158kt
ʻO China Hongqiao,ʻo ia wale nō i hōʻike muaʻia ma ka papa inoa o nā papahana'umihana nui loa o ka honua i ka makahiki 2010, e hoʻomau i ka papa inoa ma ka makahiki 2014.
Ua hoʻolālā ka hui i ka Alcoa ma hope o ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o nā huahana ma o 70000 metric ton (kahi loaʻa he 30% ka nui) mai ka makahiki 2013.
Ua hoʻouluʻia ka ulu o ka ulu ma o ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā mea kūʻai a me nā mea i kūʻaiʻia, a ua hāʻawi iā China Hongqiao me kaʻoihana nui o ka hoʻokumuʻana i ke alumina ma Kina.
Ua hoʻokumuʻia ke kumupena alumini waiwai nui loa o China i 1994, a aiaʻo ia ma Zouping, Shandong. ʻO China Hongqiao Group Limited kahi laina o China Hongqiao Holdings Limited.
Paena pūnaewele: www.hongqiaochina.com
05 Alcoa (USA) - 3,125kt
ʻO ka Hui Alauminika oʻAmelika (Alcoa Inc.), ka mea hanahana nui loa o America, hoʻomau i ka emiʻana o ka makaukau i ka makahiki 2014 ke kau aku nei ma luna o ka hoʻomohalaʻana a me ke kūʻai aku i nā huahana i hōʻoiʻia.
ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻomohana alumina i emi iho ma mua o kaʻumi hekeneka mai 2013 a 3.125 miliona toni ma hope o ka pauʻana o nā mea uʻiʻelua ma Brazil a me ka paʻa o ka Portovesme smelter ma Italia.
Eia naʻe,ʻo ka kūʻaiʻana o ka alumini i hoʻopiliʻia i ka'āina i hōʻailonaʻia ka hōʻikeʻana o ka hui i ke kumukūʻai maʻamau o US $ 2,405 ma ka toneta metric i ka makahiki 2014, heʻehiku pakeneka ka nui ma mua o ka makahiki ma mua.
I hoʻokumuʻia ma Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania i ka makahiki 1888, ua hoʻohana neiʻo Alcoa i nā papahana 31 ma ka honua.
ʻO nā mea waiwai nui o ka'āpana waiwai,ʻo ia ka Fjardaál smelter (Iceland), Alcoa World Alumina a me nā mea kanu (Australia), nā Bahoʻo Baie-Comeau a me Becancour (Canada), aʻo San Cibrao Smelter (Spain) a me nā mea puhi ma Newburgh (Indiana), Ferndale (Washington), a me Rockdale (Texas).
Paena pūnaewele: www.alcoa.com/
06 Kina Kino Kiʻi Kokua Corp. (China) - 2,669kt
ʻO kaʻoihana waiwai nui o China Power Corporation Corporation (CPI) ka waiwai nui ma hope o ka hāʻuleʻana i ka makahiki 2013.
ʻO ka nui o nā huahana alumina ma kahi o ka 2.7 miliona toneli,ʻo ia hoʻi ka piʻiʻana o kahi o 10 pakeneka mai ka makahiki i hala.
ʻO CPI, ka lua o ka mea hoʻokumu'āina alumina a Kina loa a me ka hapakolu loa o ka'āina - he hui hui kūʻokoʻa piha ia e paʻa ana i nā waiwai i ka mana, ke kalahu, ke aluminika, nā alanui kaʻa, a me nā awa.
Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka hui i ka makahiki 2002.ʻO kona mau kumu waiwai nuiʻo Ningxia Qingtongxia Energy a me Aluminium a CPI Aluminum International Trading Co. Ltd.
Pūnaewele: http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/
07 EGA Dubal a me Emal - 2,341kt
Ua kūkuluʻiaʻo Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA) i ka makahiki 2013 me ka hoʻohuiʻana o Dubai Aluminium ("DUBAL") a me Emirates Alumini ("EMAL").
Me ka hui pūʻana o 2.4 miliona kaona o ka makahiki, ua hoʻohuiʻia ka hui e Mubadala Development Company o Abu Dhabi a me ka Hui Hoʻohui o Dubai.
ʻO kaʻenehana waiwai waiwai o EGA,ʻo ia hoʻiʻo Jebel Ali smelter a me ka mana hoʻokūkū, aʻo El Taweelah smelter - ka mea nui loa o ka honua.
Pūnaewele: www.ega.ae
08 Shandong Xinfa Aluminium & Hoʻomehana Honua Ltd. (Kina) - 2,306kt
ʻO Shandong Xinfa Aluminum Group Co. Ltd. ka meaʻoihana nui loa o Aluminum.
Ma hope o ka puka he 20% o ka puka puka ma ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻonui houʻia ka huahana ma ka makahiki 2014 - i kēia manawa ma kahi o 10% - aʻoi aku i ka 2.3 miliona mau toni.
I hoʻokumuʻia i ka makahiki 1972 a he poʻokela ma ka mokuʻo Shandong o ka hikinaʻo Kina, aia heʻoi aku iʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau lālā ma ka papa hana mana, alumina a me ke kalapala alumina, ke kalapona kalapona a me ka hanaʻana o ka mea alumini.
ʻO Shandong Xinfa nā mea waiwai nui o Chiping Huaxin Aluminum Industry Co. Ltd.,ʻo Shandong Xinfa Hope Aluminum Co. Ltd. (Hope Hope) a me Guangxi Xinfa Aluminum Co. Ltd.
Paena pūnaewele: www.xinfagroup.com.cn
09 Norsk Hana ASA (Norway) - 1,958kt
I ka hōʻikeʻana i ka piʻiʻana o hoʻokahi pakeneka ma ka pukaʻoi aku i ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokomoʻia ka'ōmole alumini Norsk Hydro a kokoke i 1.96 miliona mau kekona i ka makahiki 2014.
ʻO kaʻoihana Norwegian he mea hana piha i ka mea hana alumina, me nā hana e pili ana i nā minima bauxite, ka alumina refining, hana hana hana mua, a me ka hoʻohui hoʻohui waiwai.
Norsk kahi 13,000 mau kānaka ma 50 mau'āina aʻo Norway kaʻoihana lua-ʻoihana nui loa.
ʻO ka poʻe nui loa o ka hui ma kahi o Sunndal (Norway), Ardal (Norway), Alouette (Kanada), he 51% o ke kele i Albras (Brazil) a he 50 pasene ma ke Qatalum (Qatar).
Pūnaewele: www.hydro.com
10 Ke Hope Hope (China) - 1,395kt
ʻO ka Hope Hope kahi mea'ē aʻe o Kina e ulu wikiwiki ana i nā mea hanahana alumina.
Ua ulu ka puka puka o ka hui mai ka 1,24 miliona mau ma 2013 a hiki i ka 1.4 miliona mau kekona i ka makahiki 2014.
I hoʻokumuʻia ma 2003 a hoʻonohoʻia ma Sanmenxia, ka mokuʻo Henan, East Hope Aluminum Co. Ltd. he lālā o East Hope Group Company Ltd.
ʻO nāʻenehana waiwai nui o ka hui i Henan, Inner Mongolia, a me Xinjiang. Hope Hope Aluminium i hōʻoia i ka hopena o ka makahiki e manaʻoʻia ana e lawe mai i kekahi o kekahi o 800,000 ton-a-hoʻokahi ke kāneli aluminum ma ka pūnaewele i ka makahiki 2015.
ʻO ka pūnaewele pūnaewele: www.easthope.cn
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