Profil Kamana: Gallium

ʻO nā mea kani e kōkua ai i nā kukui kukuiʻo Shine Bright

ʻO Gallium he meaʻeleʻele, he meaʻili kālā keʻokeʻo e hoʻoheheʻeʻia kokoke i kahi mahana o ka lumi a ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia i ka hanaʻana o ka pūnaehana semiconductor.

Nā Āhua:

• Hōʻike'Apiha:ʻOi
• Atomic Helu: 31
• Kālā'Elā: Palena Hoʻololi
• Density: 5.91 g / cm³ (ma 73 ° F / 23 ° C)
• Ka Melting Point: 85.58 ° F (29.76 ° C)
• ʻO Boiling Point: 3999 ° F (2204 ° C)
• ʻO ka Mole o Moh: 1.5

Nā Pūʻulu:

ʻO ka gallium maʻemaʻe he keʻokeʻo-keʻokeʻo a heheʻe i nā mahana ma lalo o 85 ° F (29.4 ° C).

ʻO ka mea i hoʻohuiʻia i loko o ka'āina hoʻoheheʻeʻia a hiki i ka 4000 ° F (2204 ° C), e hāʻawi ana i ka nui o ka wai o nā mea hoʻohui.

ʻO Gallium kekahi o nā metale he nui e hoʻonui ana i konaʻoluʻolu, me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka leo ma o 3% wale nō.

ʻOiaiʻo ka gallium māhele iki aku i nā metala'ē aʻe, he palaʻino , e hoʻoleiʻia ana i loko o ka papa lewa o, a me ka nāwaliwaliʻana o nā metala. Akā,ʻo kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, he mea ia e waiwai ai ma kekahi mau alalehu heheʻe liʻiliʻi.

Ma waho o ka mercury ,ʻo ia hoʻi ka wai ma nā lumi o ke keʻena,ʻo ka gallium ka pāpā a me ka aniani, iʻoi aʻe ka paʻakikī e mālama. ʻAʻole kokoke i ka lāʻauʻehā e like me ka mercury.

Mōʻaukala:

Uaʻikeʻia e Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran i ka makahiki 1875 ma ka nānāʻana i nā mau sphalerite,ʻaʻole i hoʻohanaʻia ka gallium i nā noi pāʻoihana a hiki i ka hopena o ka 20st century.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia ka Gallium ma keʻano heʻano hoʻoheheʻeʻia, akāʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokūkūʻia kona waiwai ma nā polokalamu'elepona hou.

ʻO ka hoʻohana kālāʻana o ka gallium i loaʻa mai kaʻike muaʻana e pili ana i nā lemu uila (LED) a me III-V (frequency) e hoʻohanaʻia ana i nā makamua o 1950.

I ka makahiki 1962,ʻo ka noiʻi a ke kākā'ōleloʻo IBMʻo JB Gunn i ke gasenium arsenide (GaAs) i alakaʻiʻia i kaʻike pinepineʻana o ka māmā elekene e holo ana ma o kekahi mau solicon semiconducting - i kēia manawa i kapaʻiaʻo 'Gunn Effect.' ʻO kēia hanana i hoʻopiliʻia i ke ala no ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o nā meaʻike hōʻea kaua ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā wikiō Gunn (iʻikeʻia hoʻi he mau pono koho hoʻoili) i hoʻohanaʻia ma nā lako kamepiula o kēlā me kēiaʻano.

ʻO nā LED a me nā lasers mua i pili i ka GaAs i hanaʻia i nā makahiki 1960 e nā mea noiʻi ma RCA, GE, a me IBM.

I ka hoʻomaka, ua hiki i nā LED wale ke hana i nā kukui infrared iʻikeʻoleʻia, e hoʻemi ana i nā kukui i nā mea kani, a me nā kiʻi loli-kiʻi. Akā, uaʻikeʻia kaʻike o lākou i kaʻikeʻana i nāʻikeʻikeʻike.

Ma nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻokumuʻo Texas Instruments i nā LED i kaʻoihana kūʻai. Ma ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka kokeʻia nā pūnaewele hoʻolaha wikiwiki, hoʻohanaʻia i nā keka a me ka helu calculator, me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā pūnaewele hōʻaihokiho LED.

ʻO ka noiʻi hou aku i nā makahiki 1970 a me ka 1980, ua loaʻa kaʻoihanaʻoihana kūpono, iʻoi aku ke kūpono o kaʻenehana a me ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka uluʻana o nā gallium-aluminium-arsenic (GaAlAs) semiconductor composites huaʻia nā LED iʻoi aku heʻumi mau manawa ma mua o ka wā ma mua,ʻoiai keʻikeʻana o ke kele uila i nā LED aʻoi aku hoʻi ma luna o nā kiʻikuhi semi-conductive hou. -gallium-nitride (InGaN), gallium-arsenide-phosphide (GaAsP), a me ke gallium-phosphide (GaP).

Ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia nā mea alakaʻi o GaA ma keʻano he māhele o nā pūnaewele kahe no kaʻike. I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻokumu kekahi hui no ka noiʻi Soviet i nā kāpili solar muaʻo GaAs heterostructure.

No ka hanaʻana i nā mea optoelectronic a me nā circuit integrated (ICs), koiʻia nā Gaels o ka Wavers ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990 a me ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke kenekulia 21 i ka hoʻopiliʻana me ka uluʻana o nā'ōleloʻoni pūnaewele a me nāʻenehana ikehu'ē aʻe.

ʻAʻole i ka mea kupanaha, ma ka paneʻana i kēia koi uluʻana, ma waena o ka 2000 a me ka 2011 o ka gallium honua nui iʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua mai kahi 100 metric tons (MT) i kēlā me kēia makahiki aʻoi aku i 300MT.

ʻOihana:

ʻO ka gallium maʻamau i loko o ka'ōpū o ka honua ua aneane he 15 mau hapa ma ka miliona, e like me ka lithium aʻoi aku kaʻoi aku ma mua o ka alakaʻi . ʻO ka mea ula, ua hoʻopuehuʻia a waihoʻia i loko o nā kino pilikino e hiki ke hoʻohei.

ʻO ka nui o 90% o nā gallium āpau i laweʻia i kēia manawa ke laweʻia mai ka bauxite i ka manawa o ka hoʻouluʻana o alumina (Al2O3), kahi mua i ke alumini .

Hoʻohuiʻia kahi gallium liʻiliʻi ma keʻano-hua o ka unuhiʻana o ka zinc i ka wā o ka hoʻouluʻana i ka hua sphalerite.

I ka wā o ka Bayer Process o ke hoʻomohanaʻana i ke alumina alumina i alumina, holoiʻia ka mea hao i kahi meaʻoluʻolu o ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH). ʻO kēia mea hoʻololiʻia ka alumina i ka sodium aluminate, kahi e waiho ai i loko o nā kewa aʻo ka sodium hydroxide waipiu e loaʻa nei i ka gallium e hōʻiliʻiliʻia no ka hoʻohana houʻana.

Ma muli o ka hana houʻiaʻana o kēia waiʻona, ulu ka gallium i ka pauʻana o ka holomua a hiki i kahi o 100-125ppm. Hiki ke laweʻia ka hui a hoʻonāʻia e like me ke galute ma o ka laweʻiaʻana o ka lepo me nā mea hana hoʻolimalima.

I loko o kahiʻauʻau electrolytic ma nā mahana he 104-140 ° F (40-60 ° C), ua hoʻololiʻia ka galute sodium i ke gallium paʻakikī. Ma hope o ka holoiʻana i ka waikawa, hiki ke hoʻopiliʻia kēia ma loko o nā pīhaku pālahalaha a me nā aniani ke hana i 99.9-99.99% gallium.

ʻO 99.99% ka papa hana maʻamau no nā polokalamu GaAs, akāʻo ka hoʻohana houʻana he pono nā kukui kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻokōʻia i ka hoʻomehanaʻana i ke kinona ma lalo o ka mīkini lepo e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā huʻupuʻu kūmole a me nā hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i nā alapili.

I loko o nā makahiki he hala i hala iho nei, ua neʻe ka hapa nui o ka gallium nui honua ma China e hāʻawi nei i ka 70% o ke gallium o ke ao nei. ʻO nā'āina'ē aʻe ma mua o ka'āinaʻo Ukraine a me Kazakhstan.

Ma kahi o 30% o ka loaʻaʻana o ka gallium āpau e laweʻia mai nā mea huna a me nā mea i hana houʻia e like me nā gale IC. ʻO ka hapa nui loa o ka lollium e hanaʻia ma Iapana,ʻAmelika Hema, a meʻEulopa.

Wahiʻia ka US Geological Survey e 310MT o ka gallium i hoʻohuiʻia i ka makahiki 2011.

ʻO Zhuhai Fangyuan,ʻo Beijing Jiya Semiconductor Materials, a me nā Mīkini Hoʻopili Lāhuiʻo World Ltd.

Nā noi:

Ke hoʻolele i ka gallium i ka pale a hana paha i nā metala e like me ke kiliki kila . ʻO kēiaʻano, me konaʻano wela momona haʻahaʻa,ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea liʻiliʻi ka gallium i nā hana hoʻolālā.

I loko o konaʻano kinona, hoʻohanaʻia ka gallium i nā koa a me nā alalehu heheʻe liʻiliʻi, e like me Galinstan ®, akāʻo ka mea i loaʻa pinepineʻia ma nā papahana semiconductor.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā papahana nui o Gallium i loko o nā huiʻelima:

1. Semiconductors: Ka heluʻana no kahi o 70% o kaʻai gallium āpau,ʻo GaAs wafers ke kuamoʻo o nā'ōnaehana'elepona hou, e like me nā smartphones a me nā meaʻea pūnaewele kelepona e hilinaʻi ana i ka mana mana a me ka ikaika o ka GaAs ICs.

2. Ka Uila Emitting Diodes (LEDs): Mai ka makahiki 2010,ʻo ka gallium kaʻina honua mai ka lālā LED i hōʻikeʻia he pālua, no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā Lākilohi kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma nā'ōkuhi'ōhilahi a me nā pale kiʻi pale. ʻO ka holoʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kaʻoihana o ka ikehu nui ua alakaʻi aku i ke kākoʻo o ke aupuni no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kukui uilaʻana ma luna o ka uila a me ka māmā.

3. Ka nui o ka ikehu:ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana o ka Gallium i nā'ōnaehana hoʻomehana lā e pili ana i nāʻenehanaʻelua:

• GaAs pūnaewele pūnaewele
• ʻO ka cadmium-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) nā kinipona sola lahilahi

Ma keʻano o nā pūnaewele photovoltaic pono loa, ua lanakila nāʻenehanaʻelua i nā polokalamuʻano kūikawā, i pili i ka ea a me ka pūʻali, akā e mau ana i ka pale ākea i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nāʻoihana kūʻai nui.

4. Nā mea hana kūpono:ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hoʻomau lōʻihi he mea nui o nā kamepiula, nā kaʻa uila, nāʻili makani a me nā lako'ēhana'elepona a me nā lakohana'ē aʻe. Hoʻohuiʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi nui o ke gallium i kekahi mau leʻaleʻa mau loa, e like me nā magnona neodymium- iron - boron (NdFeB).

5. Nе mea hou aku:

• Nā haʻalina kūikawā a me nā koa
• ʻO nā aniani huki
• Me ka plutonium e like me ka hoʻolālā hoʻokupu
• Nickel - manganese -gallium e hoʻonui i kaʻili o ka hoʻomanaʻo
• ʻO ka mea hoʻolimalima manu
• ʻO nā polokalamu lāʻau biomedical, me nā mea lapaʻau (gallium nitrate)
• Phosphors
• ʻIkeʻike Neutrino

_{Nā kumuhana:}

_{LIKE LIKE LIKE Ka moʻaukala o nā LED (Emitting Diodes).}

_{ʻImi: https://web.archive.org/web/20130325193932/http://gadgets.softpedia.com/news/History-of-LEDs-Light-Emitting-Diodes-1487-01.html}

_{Anthony Anthony Downs, (1993), "Ke Kānāwai o Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, a me Thallium." ʻO Springer, ISBN 978-0-7514-0103-5}

_{Barratt, Curtis A. "III-V Semiconductors, he Mōʻaukala RF RF." ECS Trans . 2009, Volume 19, Paʻa 3,ʻAoʻao 79-84.}

_{Schubert, E. Fred. Nā Diodes Light-Emitting . ʻO Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Niu Ioka. Mei 2003.}

_{USGS. NĀ KAHUʻU KĀMĀ KĀMĀ MEA: Gallium.}

_{Kumu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gallium/index.html}

_{Pūʻulu SM. Nā Mehana Huahana:ʻO ke Aluminum-Gallium Relationship .}

_{HKH: www.strategic-metal.typepad.com}