ʻO Kamana he pūpana kāpili platinum koʻikoʻi (PGM) e mālama paʻaʻia i nā mahana wela, kūpono i kaʻinoʻino a hoʻohana nuiʻia i ka hanaʻana o nā mea huli hoʻohihi catalyst car.
Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Atomic: Rh
- Atomic Nānā: 45
- Keʻano o ka papahana: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kahamaha: 12.41 g / cm³
- Wahi Melting: 3567 ° F (1964 ° C)
- ʻO Boiling Point: 6683 ° F (3695 ° C)
- ʻO ka Mole o Moh: 6.0
Nāʻano
ʻO ke kila he pōhaku paʻakikī, heʻili kālā ke kūpaʻa loa a he wahi kiʻekiʻe kona.
ʻO ka metal metal he kūʻokoʻa i ka corrosion a, ma keʻano he PGM, hoʻokaʻawale ia i nā waiwai catalytic o ka hui.
ʻO ke kinikini heʻano kiʻekiʻe, he paʻakikī a he lōʻihi, a he mau kūmole kūmole kiʻekiʻe kona a me kahi kūpaʻa paʻakikī haʻahaʻa a me ka pale.
Mōʻaukala
I ka 1803, ua hiki iā William Hyde Wollaston ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka palladium mai nā PGM'ē aʻe a, no laila, i ka 1804,ʻo iaʻo Rhodium i ka huahana hopena.
Wollaston hoʻoheheʻeʻia ka'ōpala platinum i loko o ka aqua regia (kahi hui o nitric a me hydrochloric acid) ma mua o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka ammonium chloride a me ka hao e loaʻa ai ka palladium. A laila uaʻikeʻo ia e hiki ke hukiʻia nā kamalā mai nā kohu waipila i koe.
Hoʻomiʻiaʻo Wollaston i ka aqua regia a laila he hoʻomoloha haʻawina me ka gas hydrogen no ka loaʻaʻana o nā mea kila. ʻO ke kinona i koe i hōʻikeʻia he hue wiliuli a kapaʻiaʻo ia ma ka'ōlelo Helene rodon ,ʻo ia hoʻiʻo "rose".
Ka hana
Hanaʻia ka pila ma ke kumuhana o ka platinum a me ka nickel mining.
Ma muli o ka hopena a me ka hana maʻalahi a me ka waiwai nui e koiʻia ana e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kola, he nui loa nā kino maoli e pili ana i nā kumu waiwai o nā kumu waiwai o nā rhodium.
E like me ka hapanui o nā PGM, ua hoʻomauʻia ka hanaʻana o nā mamo ma'ō o Bushveld maʻAmelika Hema. ʻO kaʻoihana'āina no kaʻoi aku o 80% o kaʻoihana o ka honua nei,ʻoiaiʻo nā kumu'ē aʻe kekahi,ʻo ka Sudbury basin ma Kanada a me ka Norilsk Complex i Rusia.
Loaʻa nā PMG i nāʻano minelala likeʻole, me ka hui, chromite, a me ka papa.
ʻO ka hana mua i ka unuhiʻana iā Rhodium mai ke koʻi mai ka pīpīʻana i nā mea waiwai nui e like me ke gula, ke kālā , palladium, a me ka platinum. ʻO ka mea i koe ka mea i koe i mālamaʻia me ka sulfate sulfate NaHSO 4 a hoʻoheheʻeʻia, ka hopena o ka rhodium (III) sulfate, Rh 2 (SO 4 ) 3.
Hanaʻia ka wai hydroxide ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka sodium hydroxide, kahi e hoʻokomoʻia ai ka waiuma hydrochloric i ka H3 RhCl 6 . Hoʻohuiʻia kēia pūpū me ka ammonium chloride a me ka sodium nitrite e hana ai i kahi paeʻana o ka rhodium.
Hoʻopauʻia ka mahuka ma ka waiuma chlorhydric a hoʻonāukiʻia ka hopena a pau ka pauʻana o nā mea pokepū me ka haʻaleleʻana i ka mea kila gula.
Wahi a Impala Platinum ,ʻo ka rhodiumʻoihana o ka honua, ua pili wale i hoʻokahi miliona miliona o ka'ati no ka makahiki (ma kahi o 28 mau tonnes) i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā, i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana, ua hoʻokumuʻia he 207 metric tons o palladium i ka makahiki 2011.
Hoʻokahi hapaha o nā huahana Huawai e loaʻa mai nā kumuhana lua,ʻo nā mea huli i nā mea hoʻohālikelike hou, aʻo ka koena e laweʻia mai kaʻili. Nā mea nui o nā meaʻenehana me Anglo Platinum, Norilsk Nickel , a me Impala Platinum.
Nā noi
Wahi a ka US Geological Survey, ua heluʻia nā kumukānāwai e 77% o nā koi koi a ko Maui i ka makahiki 2010.
Hiki i nā mea hoʻohālikelikeʻekolu o nā mea hoʻohuhi no nā kinolima hoʻohanaʻia i ka rhodium e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻemiʻiaʻana o ka waiūpona'okena i ka hauū.
ʻIkeʻia 5-7% o kaʻaiʻana o kaʻenehana honua e hoʻohanaʻia e nā'eneke. Hanaʻia nā mea hoʻolālā kila a me nā platinum-rhodium i ka hanaʻana o ka hana kau pokopole a me ka hanaʻana i ka waihā nitric, he mea pono no nā mea kanu, nā mea pāʻani, a me ka waikawa nitric.
ʻO ka hōʻike kālā Glass no kahi 3-6% o ka meaʻoi aku i ka palaoa ma kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma muli o ko lākou mau haʻalulu kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻaʻana i ka corrosion, rhodium, a me ka platinum e hiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻia e hana i nā moku e paʻa a hana i ke kīʻaha hoʻoheheʻeʻia. Aʻo ka mea nui hoʻi,ʻo nā kinikini e pili ana i ka rhodium,ʻaʻole lākou e hana me ka'ōlohelohe paha, ke aniani i nā mahana wela. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana'ē aʻe o Kana i loko o ke kīʻale hana:
- No ke kūkuluʻana i nāʻano ulu lāʻau, kahi i hoʻohanaʻia no ka hanaʻana i ka fiʻiliʻeleʻele ma ke kākauʻana i ke kiʻini i hoʻoheheʻeʻia ma nā puka (e nānā i ke kiʻi).
- I ka hanaʻiaʻana o nā hōʻailona tiolahi (LCDs) no ka nui o nā mahana e pono ai e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea kumu a me ka maikaʻi o ke aniani.
- I ka hanaʻana i ke aniani kilokilo no ka'ōpili ray cathode (CRT).
Nā hoʻohana'ē aʻe no ka rhodium:
- I ka hopena no nā makana (ke kālā keʻokeʻo koho)
- E like me ka pauʻana no nā aniani
- I nā mea kani
- I nā loulou uila
- I loko o nā pakuhi no nā mela uila a me nā puhaka
- I loko o nā'enela kauala e like me keʻimi o nā kūmole lele
- I nā thermocouples
Nā kumuhana:
ʻO ka huiʻenehana metals 'International Platinum (IPA). http://www.ipa-news.com/
US Geological Survey. 2010. Kekino Makahiki Makahiki: Momo Metaline Palena. http://www.usgs.gov/
Impala Platinum. Kākoʻo & makemake: Kamalā. http://www.implats.co.za/implats/Supply-demand.asp
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