E kiʻi i kaʻike e pili ana i nā pono, nāʻano a me nā noi o ka Metal
ʻO Palladium he meaʻoluʻolu, maʻalahi, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i hoʻoiliʻia no kona mau mea catalytic a hāʻawi aku i nā mea he nui i maʻa mauʻia i ka metoline hui (PGM), e like me kahi hoʻokiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻOiai he kiʻekiʻe no kahi mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia, kahi paʻakai a me ka māmā o ka palladium ka meaʻoi loa o nā PGM.
Nā Āhua:
- Hōʻike Atomic: Pd
- Atomic Numehana: 46
- Keʻano o ka papahana: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kahamaha: 12.02 g / cm³
- Ka Melting Point: 2830 ° F (1554 ° C)
- ʻO Boiling Point: 5365 ° F (2963 ° C)
- ʻO ka Mole o Moh: 4.75
Nāʻano
ʻO Palladium, e like me ka platinum , he kūʻokoʻa loa ia i ka paleʻana a me ka corrosion a heʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe. ʻO ke kumu o kēiaʻano no ka pilikino o ka palladium - a he mea kupaianaha - hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka hydrogen gas ma kahi o 900 mau manawa pono'ī. Hoʻonuiʻia ka palladium me ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī i ka wā i hoʻopaʻaʻia ai ke anu. ʻO ka palladium kekahi mea palekana a hoʻomehana hoʻi, e hoʻohana ana i ka pono no nā noi i loko o kaʻoihana kelepona.
ʻO ka Mōʻaukala
I ka 1803, ua hiki iā William Hyde Wollaston ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka palladium mai nā PGM'ē aʻe ma ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ka'ōlikini platinum i ka wai regia (hydrochloric a me nitric acid) me ka ammonium chloride a me ka hao . Eia naʻe,ʻaʻohe palapala noihana no ka palladium a hiki i ka hala o ka 20st century.
ʻO kekahi o nā noihana hoʻokahi mua no ka palladium, e hoʻomauʻia nei, ma ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi.
ʻO ka hana, i kapaʻiaʻo 'platinotype', hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia me ka platinum a me ka palladium, i hoʻohanaʻia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1800.
Akāʻo ka palladium, e like me nā PGM a pau, ua pāpāʻia e kona loli a me ka uku kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻomaka kēia i ka loli ma hope o kaʻikeʻiaʻana o nā waihona nui o nā metala i loaʻa ma'Akelika Hema i ka makahiki 1920 a me Kanada ma nā makahiki 1930.
ʻAʻole i lōʻihi ma hope iho o kēia, hoʻomakaʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka palladium a me ka platinum i loko o nāʻonika niho.
Ma o nā makahiki 1960,ʻo ka noiʻiʻana i ka platinum a me nā mea catalytic o ka palladium ka mea i loaʻa ai nā noi hou i ka hana maʻamau, e like me ka hana polyester a me ka wahīʻana.
ʻO ka mea nui nui loa no ka palladium, ua hiki mai i nā makahiki 1970 ke hoʻokumuʻia nā paeʻoihana kaʻa ma USA. Ua piʻi nui ka noiʻana i ka palladium. ʻO ka palladium hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka carbon monoxide a hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia ka hydrogen i hoʻohuiʻia i ka hoʻokele kaʻawale kaʻa.
ʻO ka uluʻana i ka palladium ma keʻano he mea hana waiwai waiwai, ua alakaʻiʻo ia i ka hoʻololiʻana i nā kālā kālepa, nā mea i kākoʻoʻia e ka palladium āpau, ke kālepa ma ka Lādana a me New York Stock Trade. Ke kūʻaiʻia nei ka Palladium futures ma ka New York Mercantile Exchange a me ka palladium bullion kekahi o nā'epanaʻehā wale nō e loaʻa i kahi code ISO (ʻo nā mea'ē aʻe he gula, kālā, a me ka platinum).
Ka hana
Loaʻa i ka Palladium me nā PGM'ē aʻe. Hanaʻia nā PMG ma nā waihona i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma nā pōhaku e like me ka hale, chromite, a me ka papa. Ma ka Pākīpika Bushveld a me ka hapa o nā kino kino'ē aʻe, hiki i nā PGM i nā mea lawa kūpono e lilo ai i mea waiwai e hoʻopau wale i kēia mau metala; akā, ma nā Norilsk a Russia a me nā waihona'āina Pelekaneʻo Canada o ka palladium a me nā huahana PGM e laweʻia e like me nā huahana o ka nickel a me ke keleawe .
Hoʻomoe muaʻia ka palladium o nāʻeha a hoʻokomoʻia i loko o kahi meaʻai me ka wai; ʻO ka hana i kapaʻiaʻo 'froth flotation'.
Nā noi
ʻO ka kūʻaiʻana o nā palladium i ke kūʻaiʻia he 300,000kgs (660,000lbs) i ka makahiki 2010.ʻO ka mea noi nui loa ka noi nui loa no ke kinona, heluʻia he 57% o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka palladium i 2010.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohana'ē aʻe no ka palladium (e pili ana i ka hoʻohālike o ka hoʻohālike o ka honua):
- ke kikowaena hiʻona (15%)
- nā hoʻolālā (11%)
- mea kūʻai (6.5%)
- 'elepona āpau (6%)
- nā māmā (4%).
Hoʻohālikelike kekahi i ka helu o nā kaʻa hana ma ka Honua a puni 450 miliona. Hoʻonuiʻia ka mana o nā mea e hanaʻia ai nā kumukūʻai e hoʻemi i ka carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, a me nā hydrocarbons. Palladium ka hana koʻikoʻi i kēia hana ma ka paleʻana i ke kalapona ma mua o kona pauʻana.
Hoʻohana nuiʻia ka Palladium i ka mea kelepona i loko o nā mea hana kalaika maha (Layer MLCC), ka mea e kōkua ai i ka holoʻana o kēia manawa i nā wahi likeʻole o kahi kaapuni ma ka mālamaʻana a me ka haʻaleleʻana i ka uku e like me ka mea e pono ai. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia nā MLC e hoʻohana ana i ka palladium a iʻole ke kinikini o ka palladium a me ke kālā. Hoʻohanaʻia ka nui o ka palladium i nā'ōpili i hoʻohuiʻia i nā hui a me kahi mea pani.
ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka palladium i loko o kaʻoihana niho, heʻano hou hou ia a ke neʻe neiʻo ia e lele ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai o ke gula, ka platinum, a me ka palladium. Hoʻopiliʻiaʻo Palladium i ke gula a me ke kālā, ke keleawe a me ka zinc no ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā niho, nā lei, a me nā alahaka. ʻO ka komoʻana o nā PGMʻo ka hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi oiai e noho mau ana.
Hiki i ka palladium ke hana i ka platinum i loko o nā catalysts i hoʻohanaʻia no ka hanaʻana i nāʻanoʻokoʻa likeʻole, keʻano, nāʻili, nā pale, nāʻili, a me nā kapa komo. ʻO Palladium nā'ūpili i loaʻa,ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mīkini mīkini maikaʻi, nā wai'eneomi'ōpala a hoʻohanaʻia e hana i ka waikawa nitica.
Loaʻa nā hoʻohana'ē aʻe no ka palladium i:
- Nā Pūmole Fuel (ke'alewai hydrogen)
- ʻO ka hanana'ohanana (hana Wacker)
- ʻO ke kālā
- ʻO kaʻaila Oil (ka hoʻohālike a me ka waikiko)
- ʻO Polyester (i ka hanaʻana o ka waiāpona terephthalic, PTA)
- Hoʻolaha (Platinotype Process)
- Ka mālama wai
- Nā lāʻau lapaʻau (palladium -103)
Nā kumuhana:
Ka Papahana PGM. ʻO John Matthey plc. http://www.pgmdatabase.com/jmpgm/index.jsp
ʻO ka huiʻenehana metals 'International Platinum (IPA).
http://www.ipa-news.com/
ʻO ka US Geological Survey. Nā Mālala Hoʻolaha:ʻO nā Metal Platinum-Group (2010) a me ka Mineral Commodity Summaries (2012).
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/
'Owai ka palladium. Palladium: Kekahi o ka 21st Century .
http://www.stillwaterpalladium.com/index.html
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