Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Atomic: Fe
- Atomic Helu: 26
- Nā mea e hoʻohuiʻia: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kuhikuhina: 7.874g / cm 3
- Ka Hale Melting: 2800 ° F (1538 ° C)
- Kohua kai eʻe: 5182 ° F (2862 ° C)
- ʻO ka Mole o Moh: 4
Nāʻano
ʻO ka hao maʻemaʻe he meaʻili kālā ia e hoʻoponopono ai i ka mahana a me ka waiwa.
ʻO ke kinikini heʻoi aku ka lōʻihi e ola ai i ka mea wale nō ke hanaʻia wale nō ma ka lepo o ka hao, e like me hematite, magnetite, a siderite.
ʻO kahi o nā mea hōʻailona o ka hao keʻano he magnetic kaha . Hōʻikeʻia i kahi mālala ikaika, hiki ke hoʻonāʻia kekahi'āpana hao. Manaʻo nā kānakaʻepekema he 90% ka hao o ka honua. ʻO ka mana magnetic i hanaʻia e kēia hao he mea ia e hana ai i nā'āpana North a me South.
Mōʻaukala
Uaʻikeʻia ka hao aʻikeʻia i ka hopena o ke ahi e'ā ana ma luna o nā ores hao. Ua hanaʻia ka kalapona ma loko o ka wahie me ka oxygen ma loko o kaʻili, me ka waihoʻana i kahi mea hao hao. ʻO ka hao a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hao e hana ai nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua i hoʻomakaʻia ma Mesopotamia (Iraq i kēia manawa) ma waena o 2700 a 3000 BC. I nā makahiki 2000 i hala aʻe nei,ʻikeʻia kaʻike hao i ka hikina a hiki iʻEulopa a me'Afelika ma kahi manawa i kapaʻiaʻo Iron Age.
Mai ke kenekulia 17 a hiki i ka loaʻaʻana o keʻano kūpono e hanaʻia ai ke kila i ka hapa o ka 1900, ua hoʻohana nuiʻia ka hao i mea hana e hana ai i nā moku, nā alahaka, a me nā hale. ʻO ka Hale Eiffel, i kūkuluʻia i ka makahiki 1889, ua hanaʻia ma kahi o 7 miliona kilokani hao.
ʻAno
ʻO keʻano o nāʻano pilikia loa o kaʻili keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kaʻaila.
ʻO ka'ūmā (aʻo ka feride oxide) he meaʻeleʻele, aʻeleʻele i hanaʻia i ka wā eʻikeʻia ka hao i ka oxygen. ʻO ke kinoea oxygen i loko o ka wai e hoʻopuka i ka hana o ka corrosion . ʻO ka māmā o ka'ōhū - pehea ka huliʻana o ka hao i loko o ka meaʻonika kaupona - ua hoʻoholoʻia e kaʻenehana oxygen o ka wai a me ka'āpana o ka hao. ʻO ka wai paʻakai kaʻoi aku o oxygen ma mua o ka wai maoli,ʻo ia ke kumu e wikiwiki ai ka wai paʻakai i ka wai hou.
Hiki ke paleʻia ka lepo ma ka hao hao a me nā mea like'ē aʻe iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka oxygen, e like me ka zinc (ʻo keʻano o ka hao hao a me ka zinc i kapaʻia he ' galvanizing '). Eia naʻe,ʻo keʻano pono loa o ka palekanaʻana i ka pa'ū,ʻo ia ka hoʻohanaʻana i ke kila.
Kapana
ʻO kaʻili kekahi paʻa o ka hao a me nāʻenehana'ē aʻe, i hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻonui i nā waiwai (ikaika, palekana i ka corrosion, palekana i nā wela a me nā mea'ē aʻe) o ka hao. Hiki ke hoʻololi i kaʻano a me ka nui o nā māmā i hoʻohanaʻia me ka hao e hiki ke hana i nāʻanoʻano kila.
ʻO nā pūnaewele maʻamau loa:
- ʻO nā'ōpona Carbon, i loko o ka 0.5-1.5% carbon. ʻO kēia nā pūnaewele maʻamau a hoʻohanaʻia no nā kino kaʻawale, nā hull, nā pahi, nā mīkini a me nāʻano hana likeʻole.
- ʻO nā kinikiniʻili haʻahaʻa, i loko o ka 1-5% o nā mea'ē aʻe (pinepine nickel a tungsten ). Hiki i nā nickel kila ke pale i nā kiʻekiʻe o ke kukuna a no laila, hoʻohana pinepineʻia i ka hanaʻia o nā alahaka a no ka hanaʻana i nā kaula hao. Hoʻokumuʻia nā'ōpena pūnana e like me ko lākouʻano a me ka ikaika i nā wahi wela pihahana a hoʻohanaʻia i ka hopena, nā noi hoʻopiʻi, e like me nā'āpana drill.
- ʻO nāʻili hao kiʻekiʻe, kahi i loko o 12-18% o nā meahana'ē aʻe ke hoʻohana waleʻia nei i nā mea kūikawā ma muli o ko lākou uku kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kekahi o nāʻano he kila kila ma luna, he kila kila, a loaʻa pinepineʻia ka chromium a me ka nickel, akā hiki ke kauʻia me nāʻano mea likeʻole. He ikaika loa ka kilakole a he kūpaʻa loa i ka corrosion.
Ka hana
ʻO ka nui o ka hao ka mea i loaʻa mai nāʻaila i kokoke kokoke i ka honua. Hoʻolālā nāʻenehana hoʻolālā hou i nā pū'ā kani, nā mea i hōʻikeʻia e ko lākou mau lōʻihi lōʻihi (like nāʻano like me nā kapuahi likeʻole). Hoʻomoʻiʻia ka hao i loko o nā puʻu me ka coke (carbon charal-coal) a me ka limu mahi (carbonate carbonate). I kēia mau lā, ke hanaʻia nei ke koʻi hao ma kahi hana pahūʻana ma mua o ka komoʻana i kahi papa. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana he mau'āpana hao i waena o 10-25mm, a laila ua hui pūʻia me ka coke a me ka limu.
Ke nininiʻia ka'ilila, ka coke a me ka limuʻewe i loko o ke kolo kahi e puhi ai i ke anuanu o 1800 ° C. ʻOhiʻo Coke me ke kumuhana wela, a me ka oxygen e puhiʻia i loko o ka umu ahi, e kōkua i ka hoʻolālāʻana i ka carbon monoxide. Hoʻopiliʻia ka pāpaʻi me nā meaʻinoʻole i loko o ka hao e lilo ai i slag. Heʻoi aku ka māmā o Slag ma mua o ka hao hao i hoʻoheheʻeʻia, no laila e piʻi ai i ka honua a hiki ke loli kokeʻia. Hoʻokomoʻia ka hao wela i nā'āpala e hana i ka hao puaʻa a i hoʻonohonoho ponoʻia no ka hanaʻoi.
Loaʻa ka'ōpala Pig ma waena o 3.5-4.5% carbon, a me nā meaʻino'ē aʻe, a he koʻikoʻi a paʻakikī e hana pū me. Hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano hana likeʻole no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i nā mea haumia o ke kinoworo a me ka sulfur i ka hao puaʻa no ka hanaʻana i ka hao hao. Ua haoʻia ka hao, kahi i emi iho ma lalo o 0.25% carbon, he paʻakikī, maʻalahi a maʻalahi ke kāpiliʻia, akāʻoi aku ka hana a me ke kumukūʻai no ka hanaʻana ma mua o ka nui o ke kalapona kala.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻonuiʻia kaʻoihana hao hao honua ma 2.44 mau miliona. ʻO China, ka meaʻoihana nui loa, ua pili iā 37.5% o nā hana a pau, aʻo kekahi mau huahanaʻoihana'ē aʻe e pili ana iā'Austalia, Brazil, India, a me Rusia.
Nā noi
ʻO ka hao ka mea mua i kūkuluʻia, akā ua lōʻihi ke paniʻia e ka kila ma ka nui o nā noi. Eia naʻe, e hoʻohana mauʻia ka hao i nā paipu pai a hana i nā mea hana kaʻapili, e like me ke poʻo cylinder, pahu pahu a me nā pahu pahu. Hoʻohanaʻia ka hao e hana i nā mea hoʻoholo hale, e like me nā kīʻaha waina, nā kukui, a me nā pale.
Nāʻike
Street, Arthur. & Alekanedero, WO 1944. Nā Malu i loko o ka lawelawe a ke kanaka . 11th Edition (1998).
ʻO ka International Pig Iron Association.
Punaewele: www.pigiron.org.uk
USGS. Nā Palena ManaʻoʻAmi Kelepona: Ke Kino a me ke Kino (2011).
Kumu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel