He aha ka tungsten?
ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻaʻo ka'āpana kala maʻemaʻe me ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o kēlā me kēia kila.
ʻIkeʻia hoʻiʻo Wolfram, kahi a ka mea i lawe ai i kona hōʻailona, W, uaʻoi aʻe ka kūpaʻa o ka tungsten i kaʻehaʻana ma mua o diamond a uaʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke kila. ʻO ia nā mea kūikawā kūʻokoʻa - kona ikaika a me kona kūpono e kū i nā mahana wela - i lilo ia i mea kūpono no ka nui o nā noiʻoihana kālepa a me nāʻoihanaʻoihana.
Nā Āhua:
- Hōʻike Atomic: W
- Atomic Nānā: 74
- Nā mea e hoʻohuiʻia: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kaonahuhi: 19.24g / cm 3
- Wahi Melting: 6192 ° F (3422 ° C)
- Kohua kai eʻe: 10031 ° F (5555 ° C)
- ʻO ke kaumaha o Moh: 7.5
ʻOihana:
Hiki ke laweʻia mai ka māmā mai nāʻanoʻelua o nā minelala, wolframite, a me nā meaʻimi. Eia nō naʻe, he 30% o ka hoʻolaha nui o ka hoʻolakoʻana i ka honua. ʻO China ka meaʻoihana nui loa o ka honua.
I ka manawa i hanaʻia a hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ai ka tungsten ore, ua hanaʻia ka māmiko mele, ammonium paratungstate (APT). Hiki ke hoʻonāukiʻiaʻo APT me ka hydrogen e hana i ka oxygen tungsten a iʻole e hana i ka kalapona i nā mahana iʻoi aʻe ma mua o 1925 ° F (1050 ° C) e hana i ka metala tungsten.
Nā noi:
ʻO ka loiloi nuiʻo Tungsten iʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau makahiki i like me ka filament i nā kukui kukui. Hoʻopiliʻia me kahi'āpana pāmahana-aluminika liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻopauʻia ka paukū kagsten i ke kiʻekiʻe wela e hana ai i ke aho uila i waenakonu o nā kukui kukui e hoʻomālamalama i nā miliona miliona o nā hale a puni ka honua.
Ma muli o ka mana o ka tungsten e hoʻomau i konaʻano ma nā wela wela, ua hoʻohanaʻia nā tungsten filaments i nāʻano likeʻole o ka home, e like me nā kukui, nā pahuhopu, nā mea hoʻomehana i nā uila uila, nā umu umauma wela, nā kukui ray-ray a me nā kukui cathode-ray (CRTs ) ma nā mīkini kamepiula a me nā hoʻonohonoho telepiho.
ʻO ka hoʻomanawanui o ke kinona i ka wela wela, he mea kūpono ia no nā thermocouples a me nā leka uila i nā uila uila a me nā lako pale. ʻO nā noi e makemake ana i ka nui o ka paʻakikī, aiʻole ka paona, e like me nā paʻipaʻi, nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, a me nā pana e hoʻohana pinepine i ka tungsten no ka nui.
Kalikimaka:
Hanaʻiaʻo Tungsten carbide ma ke kāwiliʻana i kahi tungsten atom me kahi carbon carbon (kahi i hōʻikeʻia e ka hōʻailona WC) aiʻoleʻelua tungsten mau me kahi carbon atom (W2C). Hoʻopihaʻia ia ma ka hoʻomohanaʻana me ka carbon ma ka mahana o 2550 ° F a 2900 ° F (1400 ° C a 1600 ° C) i loko o ke kahawai wai.
Wahi a Moh's scale hard (kahi ana o kekahi o nā mea e hiki ai ke kāpili hou i kekahi), he 9.5 ka paʻakikī o ka tungsten Carbide, he emi iho ka emi ma mua o ka diamond. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻopauʻia kēia puʻupuʻu, kahi hana e koi ai i ka paʻi a me ka hoʻomehanaʻana i ka paukū i ka mahana wela, e hana i nā huahana i hoʻohanaʻia i ka mīkini a me keʻoki. ʻO ka hopena, he mea ia e hoʻohana ai i nā kūlana o ke kiʻekiʻe wela a me ke kaumaha, e like me nā'āpana puʻupuʻu, nā mea lae, nā meaʻoki'āpana a me nā mea hao kila.
Hanaʻia ka carbide leʻaleʻa me kahi hui pūʻia me ka carbide tungsten a me ka paukū palapalupa, a hoʻohanaʻia e hana i nā mea hana pale e like me nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia ma kaʻoihanaʻoihana.
ʻO ka mīkini hana maʻamau i hoʻohanaʻia eʻeli i ke Anuu Channel e pili ana iā Beretania aʻEulopa,ʻo ia nō, ua kāpiliʻia me ka 100 mau kāpena carbide.
Kalikimaka Pūnaewele:
Hiki ke hoʻohuiʻia nā mea kila lahilahi me kekahi mau metala e hoʻonui i ko lākou ikaika a kū'ē i ke kapa a me kaʻinoʻino . He mau tungsten no nā pono o kēia mau pono pono'ī. ʻO ka nui o nā'aumāmā nui - nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia i keʻokiʻana a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea hana e like me kaʻikeʻana i nā pale - aia he 18 pakeneka ka tungsten.
Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia nā pakuhi o ka'ōpili-kānana-ma ka hanaʻana i nā nozzles noʻonoʻu, a he mea pono ka hoʻomehana kūpaʻa. ʻO kekahi mau mea'ē aʻe e pili ana i ka'ahaʻula ( satellite ) (cobalt, chromium, a tungsten), hoʻohanaʻia i ka halihali a me nā pistons no ka lōʻihi a me ke kūpaʻa eʻaʻahu ai, a me Hevimet, i hanaʻia ma ke kāluaʻana i ka paukū tungsten a hoʻohanaʻia i nā pāmele, , a me nā kala kala.
Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano o ke kāhili, ka hao a me ka nickel , me ka tungsten, i mea e hana ai i nāʻulaʻula no ka mokulele.