He aha ka iridium?
Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Atomic: Ir
- Atomic Nānā: 77
- Nā mea e hoʻohuiʻia: Ke kaʻina hana
- Ke Kuhikuhina: 22.56g / cm 3
- Wahi Kohu: 4471 ° F (2466 ° C)
- Kohua kai eʻe: 8002 ° F (4428 ° C)
- ʻO ke kaumaha o ka Mohs: 6.5
Nāʻano
ʻO ka'ōmole maikaʻiʻo Pure iridium he mea hana paʻa loa.
Ua kapaʻiaʻo Iridium i ka corrosion kūpaʻa kūpono maʻemaʻe ma muli o ke kū'ēʻana e kū'ē iā ia mai nā paʻakai, nā lāʻauʻaila, nā mineral acids a me ka wai regia (kahi hui o hydric a me nitrochloric acid), oiaiʻo ia wale nō i hōʻinoʻia e nā mea i hoʻoheheʻeʻia e like me ka sodium chloride a me ka sodium ka pīpī.
ʻO ka lua lahilahi loa o nā mea hoʻohuiʻia (ma hope o ka osmium wale nō,ʻoiai ke hoʻopiʻiʻia kēia mea), iridium, e like me nā mea'ē aʻe o ka PGM, he kiʻekiʻe me ka ikaika mechanical maikaʻi ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
ŸO ka metallic iridium ka lua hope loa o ka elasticity o nä kinona a pau, ÿo ia hoÿi, he küpikipiki a küpikipiki i nä ÿölohelohe, nä ÿano i hana ÿole i ka hana ÿana i loko o nä mea i hoÿohana ÿia, akä ua lilo ia i mea hoÿokomo hou. ʻO ka Platinum , i ka manawa i hoʻohuiʻia me ka 50% iridium, e like me ka mea heʻumi, uaʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka manawa ma mua o kona wā maʻemaʻe.
Mōʻaukala
Hāʻawiʻiaʻo Smithson Tennant i kaʻikea o ka hamalum i ka nānāʻiaʻana o ka hao platinum i ka 1804.
Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i hoʻopauʻia nā'ōpana hanaʻonika no nā makahiki he 10 hou aʻe aʻaʻole i hanaʻia kahiʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ke kinona a hiki i ka 40 mau makahiki ma hope o kaʻikeʻana o Tennant.
I ka makahiki 1834, ua hoʻoikaikaʻo John Isaac Hawkins i ka hoʻohana muaʻana i ka hoʻohana i iridium. Keʻimi neiʻo Hawkins i kahi mea maʻalahi e hana i nā'ōlelo peni iʻole eʻeleʻele a wāwahi paha ma hope o ka hoʻohana pinepineʻana.
Ma hope o ka loheʻana i nā waiwai o ka mea hou, ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi mea i loaʻa i ka aluminiuma mai ka hoa hana o Tennantʻo William Wollaston a hoʻomakaʻo ia e hana i nā pā gula gula ma mua.
Ma ka hapalua o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻokumuʻo British-Johnsony Matthew i ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻouluʻana a me ka kūʻaiʻana i nā'ōlepele alidium platinum. Hoʻokahi o ka hoʻohana muaʻana o ia mau mea ma Witworth Cannons, ka mea iʻike i ka hana i ka wā o ka KauaʻAi MokuʻAmelika.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokomoʻiaʻana o nā'iliays 'āmidium, uaʻike nā pūkuniahi i nā'āpana, kahi i paʻa ai ka pūkuniahi o ke pūkuniahi, iʻikeʻia no ka hoʻololiʻana i hopena ma muli o ka hoʻokau pinepineʻana a me nā mahana wela kiʻekiʻe. Ua'ōleloʻiaʻo nā'āpana makani i hanaʻia i nā'āpana o ka haidium e paʻa ana i keʻano a me ka puka no nāʻoihana 3000.
I ka makahiki 1908, ua hoʻonohonohoʻo Sir William Crookes i nā ipu hoʻoili mua mua (nā moku i hoʻohanaʻia no nā kinohana wela kiʻekiʻe), i hanaʻia e Johnson Matthey, a ua loaʻa iā ia nā lanakila nui ma luna o nā moku platinum maikaʻi.
Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka ulidium-ruthenium thermocouples mua i ka makahiki 1930 a ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960,ʻo ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā codeodes stable (DSAs) nui i hoʻonui i ka noi no ka mea.
ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana o nā anodes,ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia me ka PGM oxides, he hana nui i ka hana chloralkali no ka hanaʻana i ka malolo pūpū a me ka mea hoʻonāukiuki a ke hoʻomauʻia nei ka mea hoʻohana nui o iridium.
Ka hana
E like me nā PGM a pau, laweʻia ka iridium ma keʻano huahana o ka nickel , a mai ka waiwai o ka PGM.
Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ka PGM i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka hilinaʻiʻana i kēlā me kēia kila.
Ke laweʻia kekahi kālā, gula, palladium , a me ka platinum'ē aʻe, mai kaʻili, a hoʻoheheʻeʻia ke koena i ka sulfate sodium i mea e hoʻoneʻeneʻe ai i ka rhodium .
Ke hoʻoheheʻeʻia ka mea i koe, kahi i loko o ka iridium, me ka ruthenium a me ka osmium, me ka sodium peroxide (Na 2 O 2 ) e wehe i ka ruthenium a me ka soda osmium, e waiho ana i keʻano haʻahaʻa o iridium dioxide (IrO 2 ).
Ma ka hoʻopauʻana i ka iridium dioxide i loko o ka wai regia, hiki ke hoʻoneʻeʻia kaʻenehana oxygen i ka manawa e hana ai i kahiʻona i kapaʻia he ammonium hexachloroiridate. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻiaʻana o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a ma muli o ka puhiʻana me ka hydrogen gas, ka hopena i ka maikaʻi o ka iridium.
Hoʻopauʻia ka hanaʻana o ka iridium i kahi o 3-4 mau ta i ka makahiki. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mea i puka mai i ka hana hanaʻoihanaʻoihana,ʻoiai ua hana houʻia kekahi iridium mai nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā mea kanu.
ʻO Afelika Hema kahi kumu kumu o ka iridium, akā, ua laweʻia ka mea hao mai nā nickel ores ma Rusia a me Kanada.
ʻO nā mea hoʻolaha nui loa,ʻo ia nōʻo Anglo Platinum, Lonmin, a me Norilsk Nickel .
Nā noi
ʻOiai ua loaʻaʻo iridium i loko o nāʻano huahana likeʻole, hiki ke hoʻohana maʻalahiʻia kona hopena i nā lālāʻehā:
- Kelepona
- ʻOihana
- Electrochemical
- ʻO kekahi
Wahi a Johnson Matthey, hoʻohanaʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā huahana electrochemical i kahi kokoke i 30 pakeneka o nā 198,000 auneke i hoʻopauʻia i ka makahiki 2013. Ua hoʻohanaʻia nā papahana hoʻolālā he 18 pakeneka o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka iridium i ka wā o ka hoʻohanaʻana o nāʻoihana hana i ka 10%. Hoʻopiliʻia nā hoʻohana'ē aʻe i 42% o ka noi holoʻokoʻa.
Nā kumuhana
ʻO Johnson Matthey. PGM Market Review 2012.
http://www.platinum.matthey.com/publications/pgm-market-reviews/archive/platinum-2012
USGS. NĀ KUMU KAHUʻU KĀMĀNA: NĀ MANAWA LAHAINAʻO Platinum. Kumu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/myb1-2010-plati.pdf
Chaston, JC "Sir William Crookes: Ka'imiʻiliʻiʻana i nā Iricium Crucible a me ka Volatility o nā Metalumina Pauna". Ka Pila Noi o Platinum , 1969, 13 (2).