ʻO kahiʻikepili o nā mea a me nā noiʻana o kēia Mīkini Māmā
ʻO Platinum he mea kila nui, paʻapaʻa a maʻalahi i hoʻohana pinepineʻia i nā mea nani no konaʻike, keʻano kālā, e like me nāʻoihana olakino,'elepona, a me nā kinikona e pili ana i kona mauʻano likeʻole a me keʻano kino.
Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Atomic: Pt
- Atomic Helu: 78
- Keʻano o ka papahana: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kahamaha: 21.45 g / cm 3
- Ka mea hoʻolālā: 3214.9 ° F (1768.3 ° C)
- ʻO Boiling Point: 6917 ° F (3825 ° C)
- ʻO ka Mole o Moh: 4-4.5
Nāʻano
He nui nāʻano waiwai maikaʻi o ka metinum metala, e ho'ākāka ana i kāna noi ma kahi ākea o nāʻoihana. ʻO ia kekahi o nā meaʻonika nui loa - kokoke i ka manawaʻelua e like me ke kēpau - a me ka paʻa loa, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea kūpono kūpono kūpono kūpono. ʻO ke kaikola maikaʻi maikaʻi,ʻo ka platinum he mea maʻalahi a me ka ductile.
Ponoʻia ka Platinum i kahi mea maʻalahi maʻalahi no ka meaʻaʻole he lāʻauʻawaʻawa a kūpaʻa, no laila,ʻaʻole ia eʻae me ka, aʻaʻole hoʻi e pili i nā kino o ke kino. Ua hōʻike pūʻia i ka noiʻi hou i ka platinum e kāohi ai i ka uluʻana o kekahi mau pūnaewele kikoʻo.
Mōʻaukala
Hoʻohuiʻia kekahi kinikini o nā metalum group metals (PGM) , e komo pū ana me ka platinum, e kāhiko ai i ka Casket o Thebes, he halekupapaʻuʻAigupita e kū nei i ka 700BC. ʻO kēia kaʻike mua loaʻia o ka platinum,ʻoiai ua hana nā mea mua o Columbian South Americans i nā mea e hoʻonaniʻia mai nā gula āpau a me nā mea āpau .
ʻO nā aliʻi Pelekane ka poʻe mua oʻEulopa e hakakā me ke kila, akā uaʻike lākou he mea pōʻino i ko lākou alualuʻana i ke kālā no konaʻano like. Ua kapa lākou i ka mea i hoʻoheheʻeʻia e like me Platina - he palapalaʻo Plata ,ʻo ka'ōlelo Sepania no ke kālā - aʻo Platina del Pinto paha no konaʻikeʻia ma ke one ma kapa o ke kahawaiʻo Pinto i kēia lā Columbia.
ʻOiaiʻo ia i aʻoʻia e kekahi mau'ōlelo Pelekānia, French a me Spaniards i ka makahiki 1800,ʻo Francois Chabaneau ka mea mua i hana i kahi'ōmole pono o ka metalani i ka makahiki 1783. I ka makahiki 1801, uaʻikeʻo William Wollaston i kahi hana no ka laweʻana i ka metala mai uila, i like me ka hana i hoʻohanaʻia i kēia mau lā.
ʻO keʻano o keʻano kālā kālā o Platinum me ka wikiwiki i lilo ia i waiwai kūpono ma waena o ka mō'ī a me ka poʻe waiwai eʻimi ana i nā mea i hanaʻia mai nā mea nani loa.
ʻO ke koiʻana i ka uluʻana i ka loaʻaʻana o nāʻauwai nui ma nā Ural Mountains i ka makahiki 1824 a me Kanada i ka makahiki 1888, akāʻo kaʻike e hoʻololi i ka hikiʻole mai o ka platinumʻaʻole i hiki mai a hiki i ka makahiki 1924 i ka wā e hina ai kekahi kanaka mahi'āina ma'Akelika Hema ma kahi o ka platinum nugget i kahi kahawai. ʻO ke kumu o kēia i alakaʻi aku ai i kaʻike hulihonua o Hans Merensky o ka puʻupuʻu o Bushveld, kahi waiho nui o ka platinum ma ka honua.
ʻOiai ua hoʻohanaʻia kekahi mau hanaʻenehana no ka platinum (e like me nā'enehu'opihu) i ka hapalua o ka 20, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka nui o nā noihana loea,ʻoihana pilikino, a me kaʻoihana kaʻahana mai ka makahiki 1974 i ka wā i hoʻokumuʻia ai ke kūlana autocatalyst e nā koina o ka ea i ka US.
Mai ia manawa, ua lilo ka platinum i mea hana waiwai a kūʻaiʻia ma New York Mercantile Exchange a me ka London Platinum a me Palladium Market.
Ka hana
ʻOiai keʻano o ka platinum i ka manawa e waiho ai i nā waihona kōpana, ka platinum a me ka'ōmene platinum (PGM) ka mea hoʻohemo pinepine i ka mea kila mai ka sperrylite a me ka cooperite,ʻelua platinum i loaʻa nā ores.
Ke loaʻa mauʻia ka Platinum me nā PGM'ē aʻe. Ma ka Pākīpika Bushveld a me ka hapa o nā kino kino'ē aʻe, hiki i nā PGM i nā mea lawa kūpono e lilo ai i mea waiwai e hoʻopau wale i kēia mau metala; akā, aia ma Norilsk a Russia a me ka waihona'āina Pelekaneʻo Canada i ka platinum a me nā PGM'ē aʻe i laweʻia e like me nā huahana o ka nickel a me ke keleawe .
ʻO ka laweʻana i ka platinum mai kaʻiliʻia he kelepene a me ka ikaika o ka hana. Hiki ke hōʻea i nā mahina 6 a me 7 a 12 mau tononi o ka meaʻai no ka hanaʻana i hoʻokahi aune o ke galo (31.135g) o ka platinum maikaʻi.
ʻO ka hana mua i kēia hana,ʻo ia keʻokiʻoki i ka'ōpala i loko o kaʻehu a hoʻohui i loko o ka meaʻai me nā wai; ʻO ka hana i kapaʻiaʻo 'froth flotation'.
I ka wā e hoʻoluliluliʻia ai, e paʻiʻia ka ea ma o ka uila kai-wai. ʻO nā kinikūpila pākuʻi e hoʻohui pono i ka oxygen a ala i luna i kahiʻae e hoʻokuʻuʻia no ka hoʻonā houʻana.
I ka maloʻoʻana, e mau ana ka lepo ma uka i lalo o ka 1% platinum. Hoʻonāukiʻia ia i ka 2732F ° (1500C °) ma nāʻaila uila a puhi houʻia ka ea, e hoʻohemoʻia nāʻeha lepo me ka sulfur.
Hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano electrolytic a me nā kinakika e laweʻana i ka nickel, ke keleawe a me ka cobalt , a me ka hopena o 15-20% PGM.
Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Aqua regia (kahi concoction o ka nitric waikawa a me ka waikawa hydrochloric) e hoʻopau i ke kila platinum mai ke kolekela ma ka hanaʻana i ka chlorine e pili ana i ka platinum e hana i ka waikawa chloroplatinic.
I ka hopena hope loa, hoʻohanaʻia ka ammonium chloride e hoʻololi i ka waika chloroplatinic i ka hexachloroplatinate ammonium, a hiki ke puhiʻia e hana i ke kila platinum maʻemaʻe.
ʻO kaʻeuanelio,ʻaʻole e hāʻawiʻia ka platinum a pau mai nā kumu kumu i kēia hana lōʻihi a me kaʻoihana. Wahi a ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) mauʻikepili,ʻo kahi 30% o ka 8.53 miliona'owa o ka platinum i hanaʻia ma ka honua a puni i ka makahiki 2012 i loaʻa mai i nā kumuhana hou.
Me nā kumuwaiwai i kauʻia ma ka complex Bushveld,ʻo Aferika Hema a ma kahi mamao loa ka mea hana nui o ka platinum, e hāʻawi ana ma luna o 75% o ka noi honua,ʻo Rūsia (25 tonnes) a me Zimbabwe (7.8 mau tononi) he poʻe nui nui. ʻO Anglo Platinum (Amplats),ʻo Norilsk Nickel a me Impala Platinum (Implats) ka mea nui loa o nā mea hana o ka metala metal.
Nā noi
No kahi meaʻoihana he 192 mau kekona i hoʻolālāʻia i ka makahiki, ua loaʻa ka platinum, a he mea nui i ka hanaʻana o nā mea maʻamau.
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui loa,ʻo ka heluʻana i kahi o 40% o ka koi,ʻo ia kaʻoihanaʻoihana i kahi e hoʻohana muaʻia ai i loko o nā mea hana e hana ai i ke gula keʻokeʻo. Ua manaʻoʻia uaʻoi aku ma kahi o 40% o nā mea male ma ka US e loaʻa kekahi platinum. ʻOʻAmelika, Kina, Iapana, a me Indiaʻo nā māhele nui loa no nā mea e hanaʻia ai ka platinum.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa palekana o Platinum a me ka paʻahana kūlana kiʻekiʻe ka mea kūpono e like me ke catalyst in reactions. Hoʻopiʻiʻia ka hopena o nā mea keleponaʻole me ka hoʻololiʻoleʻiaʻana i ka hana.
ʻO ka papahana nui o Platinum i loko o kēia māhele, no ka 37.3 o ka nui o nā koiʻana no ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, he mea catalytic huli no nā kaʻa. Hiki i nā mea hoʻohālikelike ke hoʻopale i nā kinikonaʻino mai nā'ōpala e hoʻoukaʻia ma ka hoʻomakaʻana i nā hāʻina e hoʻohuli i 90% o ka hydrocarbons (carbon monoxide a me nā mea pale o ka hauoli) i kekahi'ē aʻe,ʻoi aku kaʻino, pū.
Hoʻohanaʻia ka Platinum e hoʻonāukiuki i ka waiuma nitric a me ka'olina; e hoʻonui ana i ka nui o ka piʻoʻai i ka wahie.
I loko o kaʻenehana'enekekini, hoʻohanaʻia nā'ōmole o ka platinum e hana i nā kristal semiconductor no nā lasers,ʻoiai e hoʻohanaʻia nā alikili e hana i nā disame āpana no nā lolo uila a hoʻololi i nā pilina ma nā mana o nā kaʻahana.
Ke ulu nei ke noiʻana mai kaʻoihana kino ke ulu nei e like me ka platinum e hoʻohanaʻia ai no kāna mau mea hoʻoili waiwai i nā mea koho o ka mea hana, a me nā'āpana kerale a me ka retinal, a me kona mau kīʻaha anti-cancer i ka lāʻau (e like me carboplatin a me cisplatin).
Ma lalo iho nei kahi papa inoa o kekahi mau mea'ē aʻe'ē aʻe no ka platinum:
- Me nā Rhodium, hoʻohanaʻia e hana i nā thermalcouples
- E hana i ka'ōmole maʻemaʻe, nā'ōmole mo nā TV, LCD, a me nā mākaʻikaʻi
- E hana i nā kaula hakahaka no ka fiber optics
- I loko o nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia no ka hanaʻana i ke kākoʻo o nāʻoihana kaʻahana a me nā ea ākea
- Ma keʻano he pani no ka gula ma nā pilikino pili
- I loko o nā pāpale no nā mea mana i nā kinikini i nā lako loea
- I nā'āpana'āpana kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana no nā'ōmole'enehu a me nā cones nose missile
- Hoʻokomoʻia ka niho
- E hana i nā kani kani kiʻekiʻe
- I nā mea puhi ahi a me nā carbon monoxide
- No ka hanaʻana i nā kinaika
- I loko o nā pāpale no nā'ūhā
Nā kumuhana:
ʻO Wood, Ian. 2004. Pāʻani . Nā puke Benchmark (New York).
ʻO ka huiʻenehana metals 'International Platinum (IPA).
Kumu: http://ipa-news.com/
USGS: Nānā Pālua Platinum.
Kumu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/