Laweʻia nāʻoihana i 8 miliona mau'eleka o ka mea hoʻokani i hoʻokahi makahiki
ʻO ka hoʻolahaʻana o ka platinum ma mua o 8 miliona mau'une ma ka makahiki i ka makahiki 2017. Pēlā i ka platinum ores ma ka lepo. ʻO ka mea o ka platinum nui loa o ka honua,ʻo Anglo Platinum, ua aneane he 40 pakeneka o ka platinum hoʻomehana honua a pau a me ka 30% o ka nui o ka hana honua. E heluhelu i ka poʻe e hana nei i ka mea hoʻokumu pilalapala luna, e like me Metalary, kahi pūnaeweleʻoihana e pili ana i nā hana hana a me nā kumukūʻai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
01 Anglo American Platinum
ʻO nā'āpana o ka Anglo American Platinum Limited (Amplats) he 11 mau mīkoi hoʻomalu ma'ō aku o'Akelika Hema a ma Zimbabwe e hoʻolālā kokoke i ka 2,4 miliona mau'elekele o ka platinum i kēlā me kēia makahiki,ʻoi aku i ka $ 2.2 biliona i ka huina 2017. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hao mai kēia mau mines e hanaʻia ana ma kekahi o nā Amplats '14 mau manaʻo ma mua o ka puhiʻiaʻana ma kahi o nāʻaila ukuʻekolu ma'Akelika Hema.
02 Impala Platinum
ʻO Impala Platinum (Implats), ka mea i hanaʻia e pili ana i ka Bushveld Complex ma'Akelika Hema a me ka Dyke nui ma Zimbabwe, kahi kokoke i 1.6 miliona mau'elekele o ka platinum i kēlā me kēia makahiki, aʻo ia ka mea nui loa o ka honua. ʻO ka hui mua o ka hui ma kaʻaoʻao komohana o ka Hale Kūikawā kokoke i Rustenburg. Hoʻokumu pū nā Implats he 73 pakeneka paʻi ma Marula ma kaʻaoʻao hikina. I Zimbabwe, hana ka hui i Zimplats a he hoihoi i ka Mimosa Platinum.
03 Lonmin
ʻO Lonmin, i hoʻokomo muaʻia e like me London and Rhodesian Mining and Land Company Ltd. (Lonrho) i ka makahiki 1909, e hāʻawi ana i 687,272'elepa o ka platinum i kēlā makahiki kēia makahiki, e waiho ana i No. 3 ma ka papa inoa. ʻO kaʻoihana mua o ka hui,ʻo Marikana koʻu, aia ma kaʻaoʻao komohana o ka'āpana Bushveld. Hoʻounaʻiaʻo Lonmin e Lonmin i ka mahele o ka māhele o Lonmin i kahi e laweʻia ai nā metala waiwai, e like me ke keleawe a me ka nickel , ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻiaʻana i ka metala me kekahi mau hui metala, palladium , rhodium , ruthenium, a me iridium .
04 Norilsk Nickel
ʻO Norilsk Nickel (Norilsk) ka mea nui loa o ka honua nickel (no ka heluʻana he 17 pakeneka o ka hana honua) a me ka palladium (41 pakeneka), a me ka mea hana 10 he keleawe. Hāʻawi ia i 683,000 mau ounce o ka platinum i ka makahiki. Hoʻopuka ka hui i nā metala waiwai a me ka platinum e like me nā huahana mai kāna mau minu ma luna o nā Taimyr a me Kola Peninsula (ma Rusia) a me nā mines ma Botswana a me'Akelika Hema. ʻO Norilsk, ka huiʻoihanaʻoihana nui loa a Russia, hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu hoʻi i ka cobalt , ke kālā, ke gula, ka hadurum , a me ka selenium e like me nā huahana.
05 Aquarius
ʻO ka Aquarius Platinum Ltd. he mea waiwai i nāʻehiku'āina ma Aferika Hema a me Zimbabwe,ʻelua o lākou e hana nei he 418,461'ekene o ka platinum i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā kenekue Kroondal a me Mimosa, aia ma kahi o Bushveld Complex ma'Akelika Hema a me Great Dyke ma Zimbabwe. Hoʻounaʻiaʻo Ore iʻelua mau mea keʻakeʻa me nā mea kanu i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma ka waiwai, i hui pūʻia me 570,000 tononi.
06 Northam Platinum Limited
ʻO Northam, he mea hoʻokumu pūnaewele PGM me nā hana ma kahi o Bushveld Complex i'Akelika Hema, e loaʻa ana i 175,000 mau ounce o ka platinum i ka makahiki. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka huiʻo Zondereinde platinum mine a me ka complex metallurgical. ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana no ka mālamaʻana i ka PGM i kahi kūkākūkā me WC Heraeus ma Germany a hāʻawiʻia i kēlā me kēia hebedoma i kahi hale Heraeus 'Hanau kahi e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ai kahi platinum, palladium, rhodium, gula, kālā, ruthenium, a me iridium.
07 Ke hoʻohana i ka wai
Hoʻokomoʻo Sihana Stillwater i kahi kokoke 155,000 auneke o ka platinum i ka makahiki. ʻO nā waiwai nui o ka hui ma kahi o ka 28k mile mile JM Reef ore i Montana, i ka nui o ka palladium, ka platinum, a me ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā kola. Ke hoʻohana neiʻo Sibanye Stillwater i nā lua minaminaʻelua, East Boulder a me Stillwater. ʻO ka pahuhopu mai koʻu mau pūnaewele, me nā meaʻehaʻehaʻeha no ka hana houʻana, ua hanaʻia ma ka mea uila o Columbus, Montana.
08 Vale SA
ʻO Vale SA ka pūʻuluʻoihana nui lua o ka honua,ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hana i nā koʻi hao a me nā palau a me ka mea nui o ka honua nui loa o ka nickel. Hāʻawi ia i 134,000 mau ounce o ka platinum i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Loaʻa ka nui o nā'ōnana nickel i loko o ka PGM, hiki iā Vale ke unuhi i ka platinum ma keʻano huahana o kāna hana nickel-refining. Mālama ka hui i ka PGM i loko o kona papahanaʻo Sudbury, Kanada, i nā mea hana ma Port Colborne, Ontario, e puka ana i nā huahana PGM, gula, a me nā meaʻoihana kālā.
09 Glencore
ʻO Glencore kahiʻoi aku ma luna o 80,000 mau ounce o ka platinum i ka makahiki. ʻO konaʻaila a meʻEnelani a me nā mototolo me ka Anglo Platinum-aia ma kaʻaoʻao hikina o ka Bushveld Complex i ke kaheʻo Transvaal i'Akelika Hema. Lawe pū ka hui i nā PGM mai kona nickel sulfide ores ma Sudbury Basin, ma Canada. He nui ka poʻe eʻike i kahi paʻa platinum-mine ma Xstrata, akāʻo Glencore i kūʻaiʻia Xtrata i ka makahiki 2013, e waiho ana i ka inoa o kēlā firm ma hope koke iho.
10 Hoʻokipa Asahi
ʻO Asahi Holdingʻo Japan kahi i hāʻawiʻia e pili ana i kahi 75,000 mau ounce o ka platinum i ka makahiki ma keʻano he mahele o kona mau kinona waiwai waiwai. Hoʻokumu, hōʻano a hōʻoki ka hui i nā metala waiwai a me nā hana i hoʻohanaʻia i loko o nā lako kelepona, nā catalyst, ka lole, nā mea nani, a me nā kiʻi. E like me kaʻikeʻana o ka hui ma kāna pūnaewele:
"Ma ka hana houʻana i ke gula, ke kālā, palladium, platinum, indium, a me nā mea'ē aʻe e like me nā mea waiwai nui a me nā hua liʻiliʻi kūikawā hikiʻole ke hanaʻia no nāʻoihana o kēia manawa, ke kōkua nei mākou i ka hoʻohana ponoʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a me ka uluʻana o kaʻoihana."