He aha nāʻano a me nā mea o nā ukana?

He mauʻanoʻokoʻa'ōleka likeʻole nāʻano a me nā hoʻohana likeʻole.

Hoʻohuiʻia nāʻanoʻano kila e like me nā pono mechanical a me nā kino e pono ai no kā lākou noi. Hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano papa maʻalahi eʻike ai i nā kiʻikuhi e pili ana i kēia mau waiwai,ʻo ia hoʻi ka māmā, ka mea e pono ai, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai, ka hoʻokalakiko maʻamau, ka ikaika, a me ka paʻakikī (i waena o nā mea'ē aʻe). No ka hanaʻana i nā kaʻaʻokoʻa, hoʻolaha nā mea hana i keʻano a me ka nui o nā metala'ilika, ka hana hana, a me keʻano e hanaʻia ai nā pū e hana i nā huahana.

Wahi aʻAmelika Iron a Steel Steel (AISI), hiki ke hoʻohālike nuiʻia nā pū i loko oʻehā mau pūʻulu e pili ana i kā lākou mele mele:

1. Nā Carbon Steels
2. Nā Kūmole'Āina
3. ʻO nā mea kino hao
4. ʻO nā mea hana

Nā Kuleana o Ka Makani Kaʻu

ʻO nā kinikini Carbon he mau mea i hanaʻia me ka hao a me ke kalapona. Ma ka hoʻololiʻana i ka pakeneka o ka kalapona, hiki ke hana i ke kila me nāʻano likeʻole. Ma keʻano maʻamau,ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pae kalapona kaʻoi aku o ka ikaika a me kaʻoi aku o ke kila.

Ke kapaʻia ka carbon carbon i kekahi manawa "he hao hana." He mea maʻalahi ka hana a hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia no nā mea e hoʻouluʻia e like me ka palama a me nā pou kukui. He ikaika loa ke kilaʻonika kala a hoʻohana pinepineʻia no nāʻano nunui e like me nā alahaka. Hoʻonuiʻia ke kalapona kalapona kiʻekiʻe no nā wi. Hanaʻia ka Ultra high carbon carbon, i kapaʻia he "hao hao," no nā ipu hao a me nā mea'ē aʻe. ʻOiai he kilaʻoi loa ia, heʻano maʻalahi loa ia.

Nā Kūlana o nā'Āina'Āina

Hanaʻia nā kaʻa a pau no ka mea, ua hanaʻia me nā'āpana liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi aʻoi aku paha o nā metala ma waho o ka hao. ʻO ka hoʻohuiʻana o nā'āpana e hoʻololi i nā waiwai o nā pū. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo ke kila i hanaʻia mai ka hao, ka chrome, a me ka nickel i huaʻia he kila kila. ʻO ka hoʻohuiʻia o ke alumini e hiki ke hana i ke kila iʻoi aku keʻano o keʻano.

ʻO kaʻili me ka manganese hou ua lilo i mea ikaika loa a ikaika.

Nā Kūlana o nā Hui Pūʻali

Aia nā'alela kino ma waena o 10-20% chromium, e hana ana i ke kila i kūpono loa i ka corrosion (rusting). Inā loaʻa kahiʻilima ma kahi o 11% chromium,ʻaneʻane 200 mau manawa kūpono i kaʻinoʻino e like me nā pū i loaʻaʻole ka chromium. ʻEkolu mau'āpana o nāʻepa hao:

• ʻO nāʻene Austenitic, he kiʻekiʻe loa i ka chromium, kahi pūnaewele nui hoʻi ka nui o ka nickel a me ke kalapona. Hoʻohanaʻia kēia mau mea no ka meaʻai a me ka pipili. He kūpono lākou, he hapa, no ka meaʻaʻole lākou he magnetic.
• Loaʻa nā pahu Ferritic i kahi o 15% ka chromium akā loaʻa wale ke kalapona a me nā pālekaʻoi aku e like me ka molybdenum, ka alumini, a me ka Titanium. ʻO kēia mau puhi he magnetic, paʻakikī a paʻakikī, a hiki ke hoʻoikaika houʻia ma ka hana maʻamau.
• ʻO nā'ōmole Martensitic ka nui o ka chromium, ka nickel, a me ke kalapona,ʻo lākou ka magnetic a me ka wela. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia nāʻano Martensitic no kaʻokiʻana i nā mea hana like me nā pahi a me nā mea hana lima.

Nā Kuleana o nā Koko Hua

ʻO nā'ōpili uila he mau lōʻihi, nā meaʻenehana kūpaʻa i ka tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, a me vanadium. Hoʻohanaʻia lākou,ʻaʻole he mea kānalua, e hana i nā mea hana e like me nā papa.

Aia nāʻanoʻokoʻa likeʻole o nā mea kani, nāʻano likeʻole o nā meaʻokoʻa.