ʻO kaʻoihana nui o ka honua iʻoi aku i kaʻumi mau palladium
ʻOiaiʻo ka nui o nā huahana palladium maʻemaʻe ma kahi o 6.54 miliona mau'unema i ka makahiki 2012,ʻo ka palapala noi no ka palladium autocatalysts a me ka koi hoʻonui hoʻonui i hoʻokuʻu i ka mākele no ka makahiki.
I ka makahiki 2012, ua emi ka nui o ka honua honua i ka 11% i kona lalo loa mai ka makahiki 2002. He hapa nui o ka hekili ekolu pakeneka o ka huahana Lūkini ma muli o ka emiʻana o nāʻilikai a heʻeiwa pakeneka paʻamau i loko oʻAmelika Hema. nā hopena.
Ua hōʻuluʻuluʻia nāʻikepili heluhana ma lalo mai ka hōʻikeʻana i nā pūnaewele makahiki a me nā hana e loaʻa ana mai nā mea hana pūnaewele (e pili ana i nā huahana o ka hui waiwai o ka makahiki 2012). ʻO nā huahana platinum i hoʻopiliʻia no kēlā me kēia hui e hiki ke loaʻa ma ka inoa o ka hui.
01 Norilsk Nickel - 2,731,000 ozs
ʻO MMC Norilsk Nickel ("Norilsk") ka mea nui loa o ka honua nickel (ka helu helu he 17 pakeneka o ka hana honua) a me ka palladium (41 pakeneka), a me ka meaʻoihana keu heʻumi. Hoʻopuka ka hui i nā metala waiwai a me ka platinum e like me nā huahana mai kāna mau minu ma luna o nā Taimyr a me Kola Peninsula (ma Rusia) a me nā mines ma Botswana a me'Akelika Hema. ʻO Norilsk, ka huiʻoihanaʻoihana nui loa a Russia, hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu hoʻi i ka cobalt , ke kālā , ke gula, ka hadurum , a me ka selenium e like me nā huahana.
Profile Company: Norilsk Nickel
Kamupene pūnaewele: Norilsk Nickel
02 Anglo Platinum - 1,395,000 mauʻeku
ʻO nā'āpana o ka Anglo American Platinum Limited (Amplats) he 11 mau mīkini mālamaʻia, a me kekahi mau mīkini hui pū me nā meli e pili pū ana ma o'Akelika Hema a me Zimbabwe. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hao mai kēia mau mines e hanaʻia ana ma kahi o nā Amplats 14ʻoihana pono'ī ma mua o ka puhiʻiaʻana ma kekahi o nāʻaila ukuʻekolu ma'Akelika Hema. ʻOiaiʻo ka nui o ka hana palladium i hoʻoheheʻeʻia, ua hāʻule mai ka 1.43 miliona i ka 2011 henē i 1.395 miliona mau'eleka i ka makahiki 2012, ua nohoʻo Amplats i ka mea hana lua nui loa o ka honua.
Company Profile: Anglo American plc
Hui Pūnaewele: AngloʻAmelika
03 Impala Platinum - 1,020,000 ozs
Ke hoʻomauʻia nei nā hana o Impala Platinum (Implats) ma kahi o Bushveld Complex ma'Akelika Hema a me ka Dyke Nui ma Zimbabwe. ʻO ka hui mua o ka hui ma kaʻaoʻao komohana o ka Hale Kūikawā kokoke i Rustenburg. Hoʻokumu pū nā Implats he 73 pakeneka paʻi ma Marula ma kaʻaoʻao hikina. I Zimbabwe, hana ka hui i Zimplats a he hoihoi i ka Mimosa Platinum.
Hoʻopiʻi nā Impala Refining Services (IRS) a hoʻolimalima i ke kāpili mai ka waiwai pono'ī o ka hui a me nā mea i kūʻaiʻia mai nā hui o nāʻaoʻaoʻokoʻa.
Profile Kamaliʻi: Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd.
Kamupene pūnaewele: Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd.
04 Lonmin PLC - 331,000 oz
Ua hoʻokumu muaʻiaʻo Lonmin e like me London a me Rhodesian Mining a me Land Company Ltd. (Lonrho) i ka makahiki 1909.ʻO kaʻoihana mua o ka hui -ʻo Marikana mine - aia ma kaʻaoʻao komohana o ka'āpana Bushveld. Hoʻounaʻiaʻo Lonmin e Lonmin i ka mahele o ka māhele o Lonmin i kahi e laweʻia ai nā metala waiwai, e like me ke keleawe a me ka nickel, ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻiaʻana i ka metala me kekahi mau hui metala, palladium, rhodium , ruthenium , a me iridium .
Pūnaewele pūnaewele: Lonmin PLC
05 He Waiwai Waiwai - 258,000 ozs
ʻO ka Minewater Mineing Company kekahi o nā mea hana palladium mua loa ma ka honua. ʻO nā waiwai nui o ka hui ma kahi o ka 28k mile mile JM Reef ore i Montana, i ka nui o ka palladium, ka platinum, a me ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā kola. Ke hoʻohana neiʻo Waiwai Waiwai Waiwai iʻelua mines ma lalo - East Boulder a me Stillwater - ma ka JM Reef. ʻO ka pahuhopu mai koʻu mau pūnaewele, me nā meaʻehaʻehaʻeha no ka hana houʻana, ua hanaʻia ma ka mea uila o Columbus, Montana.
Kamupene pūnaewele: Still Water Mining
06 Vale SA - 251,000 ozs
ʻO Vale SA ka hui nui loa o kaʻoihana minia ma mua loa o ka honua,ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hana i nā koʻi hao a me nā palau a me ka mea nui loa o ka honua. No ka nui o nā'ōnana nickel i loko o ka PGM, hiki iā Vale ke unuhi i ka palladium ma keʻano huahana o kona kaʻina hana nickel. Lawe ka hui i ka PGM i loko o kona papahana Sudbury, ka hana a Canada i kahi mea hana ma Port Colborne, Ontario, e puka ana i nā huahana PGM, gula, a me nā meaʻoihana kālā. Hoʻounaʻia kēia mau mea me nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia me nā mea i hanaʻia me nā mea i piliʻole i nā mea i piliʻole i nā mea i piliʻole iā Vale ma Acton,ʻEnelani, kahi i hoʻomolaʻia ai i nā hua o keʻano mama.
Profile Company: Vale SA
Kamupene Pūnaewele: Vale SA
07 Aquarius Platinum - 238,000 ozs
ʻO ka Aquarius Platinum Ltd. he mea waiwai i nāʻehiku'āina ma Aferika Hema a me Zimbabwe,ʻelua mau mea e hoʻopuka nei. ʻO nā kime Kroondal a me Mimosa kekahi, ma ka Bushveld Complex (South Africa) aʻo Great Dyke (Zimbabwe). Hoʻounaʻiaʻo Ore iʻelua mau mea keʻakeʻa me nā mea kanu i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma ka waiwai, i hui pūʻia me 570,000 tononi. Ua loaʻaʻo Aquarius i kahiʻo 91.7 pakeneka ma Platinum Mile, he wahi hana hoʻouka kaua ma nā Amplats Rustenburg Mine.
ʻO ka punaewele punaewele: Aquarius Platinum
08 North American Palladium - 163,000 ozs
ʻO PalladiumʻAmelika Pumehana, me Waiwai Waiwai, nā meaʻoihana palladium mua wale nō i ka honua. Ke holo nei ka hui ma ka'āpanaʻo Lake des Iles (LDI) ma ka'ākau o Ontario, i hoʻomaka i ka hanana i ka makahiki 1993.ʻO ka LDI kaʻu e hoʻomau nei i kēia manawa me ka North American Palladium e hoʻolālā ana i ka 250,000 auneke o ka palladium ma kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Pūnaewele pūnaewele: Aqua Aquamuum Palladium
09 Northam - 96,000 mau aniani
ʻO Northam he mea hoʻokumu pūnaewele PGM me nā hana ma kahi o Bushveld Complex i South Africa. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka huiʻo iaʻo Zondereinde platinum mine a me ka complex metallurgical,ʻo ia ka mea e lawe i kahi nui o 300,000 o nā kaha o ka PGM i ka makahiki. ʻO Booysendal,ʻo ka lua o ka moa o Northam, aia ma kahi lōʻihi o ke kūkuluʻana a ua manaʻoʻia e hāʻawi hou i 160,000 mau o loko o ka PGM i ka wā e holo pono ai. ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana no ka mālamaʻana i ka PGM e hanaʻia ma lalo o ke kuʻikahi me WC Heraeus (Kelemānia) a hāʻawiʻia i kēlā me kēia hebedoma i ka hale Heraeus 'Hanau kahi e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ai kahi platinum, palladium, rhodium, gula, kālā, ruthenium a me iridium. E hana pū ana me Heraeus, Northam e laʻa a kūʻai aku i nā PGM i laweʻia mai loko mai o Platmin's Pilanesberg Mine.
Kamupene pūnaewele: Northam
10 Mahana - 43,000 ozs
Ma mua o ka huiʻana me Glencore e lilo i GlencoreXstrata i ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokumuʻia kaʻoihana PVM o Xstrata ma nā mines PGM ma'Akelika Hema a me nā huahana i huaʻia e like me nā huahana mai ka hanaʻana o nā nickel Kanada. Ke kuhi neiʻo Eland a me Mototolo - ka hui hui pū me Anglo Platinum - aia ma kaʻaoʻao hikina o ka Haleʻo Bushveld. Uaʻikeʻiaʻo Motolo he 60,000 o ka nui o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka platinum māmā o Xstrata i ka makahiki 2012, akā i ka manawa i hala koke iho nei ua hoʻomakaʻia nā kumulāʻauʻelua ma Eland. Hoʻopiliʻia kēia mau mea e hiki ai ke loaʻa i ka 2018. Hoʻopuka houʻo Xstrata i nā PGM mai kona nickel sulfide ores ma ke kahuaʻo Sudbury Basin, ma Canada.
Kamupene Pūnaewele: Xstrata
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