Nānā i nā kāpili keleawe nui loa
E like me nāʻikepili mai ka International Copper Study Group (ICSG), i ka 2014, ua nui ka huiʻana o nā kumukūʻau keleawe he nui aʻoi aku o ka nui aku o 10 miliona metric tons aʻoi aku paha ma kahi o 35 pakeneka o ka nui o ke koina keleawe.
ʻEhā o nāʻelima refineries nui loa - a me 10 o nā top 20 - aia ma ka'āina nui o Kina. ʻO kaʻelima nui, hoʻokahi wale nō, ua hiki ke hui pūʻia he 3.25 miliona tononi metona, a ma kahi o 12 pakeneka o ka pūnawai o ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kaʻekolu o nā 20ʻoihana keleawe nui loa a Codelco ka mea nui o ka moku'āinaʻo Chile. ʻO kēia mau meaʻekolu kahi i hoʻohuiʻia i ka manawa a hiki i 1.5 miliona mau tononi.
ʻO Codelco,ʻaʻole he mea kupanaha,ʻo ia ka mea nui loa o ka honua i hana keleawe . I ka makahiki 2014, hoʻopuka ka hui i nā 400,000 tons ka nui o ke keleawe ma mua o ka mea hoʻolaha nui loa o ka honua,ʻo Aurubis.
Hoʻohanaʻia kaʻenehana Flash i ka hapalua o nā kānina a pau (e pili ana i 70 pakeneka),ʻoiai ua hoʻolālāʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā pono hana honua ma 2013 i 80 pakeneka.
ʻO ka papa inoa ma lalo nei e hoʻonohonohoʻia ma nāʻikepili a me nāʻike i loaʻa ma ka Directory ICSG o nā Copper Mines and Plants (2014).
Loaʻaʻia ka inoa o kēlā me kēia mea pele e ukaliʻia ana e ka mea nona ka hale. Hiki keʻikeʻia ka mana kila keleawe o ka mea hoʻopuka i ka mano mau metric tonnes, aiʻole kilotonnes (kt).
01 Huiia (Jiangxi Copper Corporation) - 900kt
Hanaʻia a mālamaʻia e ka mea hana nui keleawe a China,ʻo Jiangxi Copper Corporation, kahi punaha Guixi ma ka mokuʻo Jiangxi. Hoʻokomoʻia nā'āpana kino mai ka mea kūʻai mai ma o ka London Exchange Exchange ma lalo o ka 'Guiye'. ʻO nā kālā a me nā mea hōʻemi liʻiliʻi i laweʻia mai i ka hao keleawe ma ka hoʻouluʻana.
02 Jinchuan (Jinchuan Non Ferrous Co.) - 650kt
Hiki i Fengchengang, he wahiʻoihanaʻoihana ma ke kūkulu hema o Guangxi, Kina,ʻo Jinchuan kāpili keleawe ka mea hiki ke hana i kahi 650,000 toneta i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka makahiki 2014, ukuʻia e Trafigura ka mea kālepa honua nuiʻole i hōʻikeʻia he $ 150 miliona kālepa i hōʻikeʻia he 30 pakeneka ma ke kenekino Jinchuan keleawe.
03 Daye / Hubei (Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Co.) - 600kt
Ma kaʻaoʻao hikinaʻo Hubei, ua manaʻoʻiaʻo Daye he'āpana'āpana keleawe ia mai kaʻehiku o ka makahiki BC. ʻO ka Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Co. ka moku'āina kahiko loa o China. Hoʻonui hou nāʻimi kālā hou i ka mana kila keleawe o ka hui i kahi 600,000 taona.
04 Chuquicamata (Codelco) - 600kt
ʻO Codelco's Chuquicamata smelter e hānaiʻia e ka Chuquicamata (poʻo Chuqui) he keleawe keleawe,ʻo kekahi o nāʻoihana nui nui o ka honua ma waho o ka honua. Aia ma ka'ākau o Chile, ua hoʻonohonohoʻia nā wahi hoʻokipa o Chuqui i nā makahiki 1950.
05 Yunnan Copper (Yunnan Hui Hana 64.8%) - 500kt
Hoʻokumuʻia i ka makahiki 1958,ʻo Yunnan Huihuina kaʻekolu o ka mea hoʻokūkū nui loa o China. Ua hauʻoliʻo ia ma Qingyuan, ka mokuʻo Guangdong, he hui pū like ma waena o Yunnan Copper a me China Non metrous Group, ka meaʻoi aku ka hopena o ka Chambishi smelter ma Zambia.
06 Birla (Birla Group Hidalco) - 500kt
ʻO ka mea kālai keleawe nui loa o India, i hoʻohanaʻia e Hidalco a i Gujarat, ua hoʻomaka muaʻo Bulla i ka hana keleawe i ka makahiki 1998. Ma hope o ka nui o nā hōʻai'ē, hiki i kēia manawa ke hiki i kahi 500,000 tons ka makahiki.
07 Pyshma Refinery (Urallectromed) - 500kt
Hoʻomaka mua ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke kāwai keleawe pyshma i ka makahiki 1934. Nohoʻia ma Sverdlovsk Oblast, Rusia,ʻo Pyshma e whakahaereʻia e Uralelectromed, ka lima kālepa lehulehu o Ural Mining a me Metallurgical Company.
08 Toyo (Hui Sumitomo Mining Co. Ltd.) - 450kt
ʻO ka Toyo Smelter a me Refinery,ʻo ia ma nā kūlanakauhaleʻo Saijo a me Nihama, Iapana, e hoʻokaniʻia e Sumitomo Milila Mining Co. Ltd. Ma o ka hoʻoikaikaʻana maiʻAmelika Hema,ʻAtalia, a me ka'Ākau hikina hikina, e like me ka mea mai ka Sierra Gorda mine, ka hoʻonaʻemaʻeʻana. Hoʻoihoʻia hoʻi he gula a me ka molybdenum e like me nā huahana i ka keleawe.
09ʻAlima (Grupo Meiko) - 450kt
ʻO ka Amarillo Refinery ma ka'ākauʻo Texas kaʻoihana iʻoi aku ma luna o 300 mau kauā, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ana i ke koho keleawe a me ka sulfate nickel. Ua hoʻokumuʻia ke kāpili keleawe i ka makahiki 1974 e Asarco Inc. a ua lilo a paʻaʻia e Grupo Mekiko.
10 Onsan Refinery (LS-Nikko Co.) - 440kt
Hanaʻo LS Nikko Copper i ka papahana nui loa o Koʻona ma Onsan. ʻO ka hoʻoulu kālāʻO Onsan, i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomohalaʻana i ka makahiki 1979 a hoʻohana i nāʻenehana uila, aia ka manawa o ka 440,000 tononi.
11 Hamburg Refinery (Aurubis) - 416kt
12 El Paso Refinerty (Freeport-McMoRan) - 415kt
13 Baiuna (Baiyin Nonferrous Metals) - 400kt
14ʻO Jinguan (Tongling Non-Ferrous Group) - 400kt
15 Jinlong Tongdu (Tongling Non-Ferrous / Sharpline Intl./Sumitomo/Itochu) - 400kt
16 Xiangguang Copper (Yanggu Xiangguang Coppper Hui) - 400kt
17 Shandong Fangyuan (Dongying) - 400kt
18 Ke Kūkulu'Āina (Vedanta) - 400k5
19 Las Ventanas (Codelco) - 400kt
20 Radomiaro Tomic (Codelco) - 400kt
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