Hoʻokumuʻia ka Mining Giants $ 644 Billion Worth of Metal in 2016
ʻO ka nui o nā mea nui i hanaʻia he 10,448 kilotonnes nui o ka honua i kēia manawa-ʻo ka mea nui paha i ka makahiki 2016,ʻo ia ka makahiki i hala iho nei no ka loaʻaʻana o nā kiʻi, e like me ka pūnaeweleʻoihana mining.com. Ua heluʻia nāʻoihanaʻehā iʻoi aku i ka 62 pakeneka o kēlā nui. Me ka hao e hele ana i $ 3.10 no ka paona i ka laha 2017, e like me infomine.com,ʻo nā papahana 10ʻoi loa i huakiiʻia he $ 644 bilakeli ka nui o ke kinona.
01 Codelco
02 Aiatea-McMoRan
ʻO Phoenix i hoʻokumuʻia ma Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. (FCX) ka mea nui loa o ke kumukānāwai keleawe kālai'āina. ʻO ka waiwai o ka hui e komo pū ana me ka mine ma Grasberg ma Indonesia,ʻo ka nui nui o ke keleawe a me ke gula o ka honua e pili ana i nā lālā i loaʻa mai; nā'āpana'āpana o Morenci a me Safford ma North America; a me ka'āpana'āpana kolamu Tenke Fungurume ma ka māpana Democratic Democratic Republic of Congo. Ua kūʻai aku FCX i 1.7 miliona mau tononi metona o ke keleawe i hoʻopiliʻia i ka 2016, ma kahi o 9 pakeneka o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
03 Glencore
ʻO Baar,ʻo Glencore, he kamupene waiwai kūʻai honua a me kaʻoihana kūʻaiʻoihana me 55,000 mau kānaka ma 30 mau'āina, ua huaʻia he 1,23 metric talena keleawe i ka 2016.ʻO Glencore kāpili waiwai he nui a kuleana piha paha i Katanga Mining Limited ma ka Repubalika Democratic Republic of Congo, ʻo wau ka Mopani i Zambia, ka Cobar ma koʻu'Ālika, a me ka Hui Hui Pūʻokoʻa o Philippine Associated Smelting a me Refining Corporation.
04 BHP Billiton
ʻO BHP Billiton i hoʻokumuʻia ma Australia he 1,2 miliona metric tonnes o ke keleawe i hoʻoheheʻeʻia i ka 2016 aʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui loa o ka honua, o ke alumini , keleawe, manganese, hao hao, uranium , nickel , kālā, a me Titanium . ʻO nā waiwai waiwai keleawe o ka hui e komo pū ana he 57.5 pakeneka ma ka minera Escondida, ka mea nui loa o ka honua mea kanu keleawe, ma ka Desertʻo Chile.
05 Iwalani Kahalewai
ʻO ka huiʻo Grupo México, me nā keʻena ma Phoenix a me nā hana nui ma Mexico a me Peru, ua hoʻopukaʻia he 743,000 metric talena keleawe i ka 2016.ʻO nā waiwai nui o kaʻahahuiʻo Cuajone a me Toquepala mines ma Peru aʻo Cananea i Mexico .
06 KGHM Polska Miedz
ʻO KGHM Polska Miedz-kekahi o nāʻoihana nui loa o Polani, me kaʻoi aku o 28,000 mau huahana a me nā kālā ulu makahikiʻoi aku ma luna o $ 3 biliona - i hoʻopukaʻia he 667,000 metric metadata i 2016. KGHM, ka mea lawelawe iʻekolu mau mines,ʻo Lubin, Rudna, a me Polkowice-Sierszowice. ka nui o ke kālā i ka makahiki.
07 Maia Lakino
Ua hoʻopukaʻiaʻo Rio Tinto he 504,000 metric tons of copper in 2016.ʻO kāna mau waiwai waiwai keleawe nui,ʻo Kennecott Utah Copper, i hala aku i 100 mau makahiki a ke hana nei i ke Bingham Canyon mine kokoke i Salt Lake City; he hapa 40 pakeneka o ka hanaʻana mai ka Grasberg mine i Indonesia,ʻo ia kekahi o nā koina nui a me ke gula nui loa o ka honua e pili ana i nā mana a me nā hana hana; a he 30% o ka mahele o ka Minera Escondida keleawe keleawe ma ka Desertʻo Chileʻo Atacama.
08 Lokua Lihue Ltd.
ʻO ka First Quantum, i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma Wanekoua, Kanada, ua hoʻopukaʻia he 498,000 metric talena keleawe i ka 2016. He hui kūpaʻa a hoʻonuiʻia ka hui me kaʻoihana minia e hana nui ana i ke keleawe, ke gula, ka nickel a me ka zinc. Hoʻolālā kaʻahahui e hoʻonui i kāna hana keleawe i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. "Hoʻokumuʻiaʻo Quantum e lilo i hoʻokahi o nā mea hana mele keleawe nui loa a puni," i nā'ōlelo paʻa ma kona pūnaewele.
09 Pāʻokoʻa
ʻO ka hui kōmihana Chileoʻo Antofagasta i huaʻia he 477,000 metric talena keleawe i ka 2016, he 15 pakeneka ka nui i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me ka 2015.ʻO kēia hoʻonuiʻana ma muli o ka hoʻohui maikaʻiʻana o Zaldívar, kahiʻoihana hui pū me kahi 900 mile ma ke kūkulu'ākau o Santiago, -up o ka hana ma ka Antucoy a me Centinela Concentrates mines, a aia ma waenakonu o Chile.
10 Vale
Ua kūʻaiʻiaʻo Vale i ka 453,000 metric tons of bronze in 2016, he 7 pakeneka ka nui ma ka makahiki 2015.ʻO ka hopena ikaika o ka hana i hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o kāna hanaʻo Sudbury a me Salobo ma Brazil. ʻO Vale, kekahi o nā huiʻoihanaʻenehana nui loa o ka honua, e hana ana i ka hao, nickel, manganese, a me ka lanahu, eʻike ana i kona pūnaewele e "hana me ka makemake e hoʻololi i nā kumuwaiwai maoli i ka waiwai."