He aha ka Titanium?
Nā Kuleana
- Hōʻike Atomic: Ti
- Atomic Ka helu: 22
- Nā mea e hoʻohuiʻia: Ke kaʻina hana
- Density: 4.506 / cm3
- Ka Hale Hoʻolaha: 3034 ° F (1668 ° C)
- ʻO Boiling Point: 5949 ° F (3287 ° C)
- ʻO ka Mole o Moh: 6
Nāʻano
ʻO nā kinaika he nui ka mea iʻikeʻia no ko lākou ikaika kiʻekiʻe, māmā, a me ke kūpikipiki hou.
Me ka ikaika o kaʻili, ua like ke kinona i 40% paona ma ke kaumaha, a, me kona kū'ēʻana i ka cavitation a me ka'ānai, ua hoʻoliloʻia ia i mea hoʻokalako kūpono no nā meaʻenehana papahana.
ʻO ka hao ka mea maʻalahi i kona kū'ēʻana i ka corrosion ma ka wai a me nā mea hanaʻeleʻele. Ke hana nei ia i ke hanaʻana i kahi'eneha lahilahi o ka dioxide (TiO2) ma konaʻili e paʻakikī loa no kēia mau mea e komo ai.
ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o nāʻano liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi,ʻo ia hoʻi,ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka pae, akā e hoʻi hou i konaʻano kumu i ka wā e kulou ana, e hana ana i konaʻano nui e hana i nā kinipona hoʻomanaʻo.
ʻO ka Titanium he non-magnetic a biocompatible (ʻaʻohe mea'awaʻaha, non allergenic), a ua alakaʻiʻia i ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻoihana olakino.
Mōʻaukala
ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i ke kineta keleawe, ma nāʻano a pau, i kūkuluʻia ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ka Titanium e like me ke kila a hiki i ka mea kākau Hawaiʻiʻo Matthew Hunter i hoʻokaho ai i ka tetrachloride (TiCl4) me ka sodium i 1910; ʻO keʻano i kapaʻia i kēia manawaʻo ka hana Hunter.
Akā naʻe,ʻaʻole i hiki mai kahi kūʻai kālā a hiki i ka manawa i hōʻike aku aiʻo William Justin Kroll e hiki ke hoʻemiʻia ka pae mai ka chloride ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka magnesium i nā makahiki 1930.
ʻO ka papa hana Kroll ka meaʻoihana waiwai nui loa a hiki i kēia lā.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomohalaʻiaʻana o kahi hana hana maikaʻi, kūʻaiʻia ka hoʻohana mua mua o titanium i ka mokulele kaua. ʻO nā mokuʻelua a meʻAmelika Hui Pūʻali a me nā Submarine (e like me Soviet Alfa a me Mike Class submarines a me USAF F100 Super Saber a me Lockheed A-12) i hanaʻia i nā makahiki 1950 a me 1960 e hoʻomaka ana i ke hoʻohanaʻana i nā piliahi hao. Ma nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻomakaʻia nā kinipili peni e hoʻohanaʻia e nā mea hana kalepaʻoihana.
ʻO kaʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau,ʻo ia hoʻi nā niho niho a me nā mea paleʻano, ala aʻe i ka pono o ka Titanium ma hope o ka'ōlelo Pelekikenaʻo Per-Ingvar Brånemark e pili ana i nā makahiki 1950 e hōʻike anaʻaʻole he pae maikaʻiʻole o Titanium i ka paneʻana o nā kānaka, eʻae ana i ke kinona e hoʻokomo i loko o ko mākou kino i ka hana i kapaʻia ka hoʻohui .
Ka hana
ʻO Titanium ka hapahā o nā mea i hoʻohuiʻia ma ka lepo (ma hope o ka alumini , hao , a me ka magnesium),ʻo ka hanaʻia o ke kineta keleawe heʻano maʻalahi loa i ka hoʻopiliʻiaʻana, ma muli o ka oxygen.
ʻO nā kumu nui i hoʻohanaʻia i ka mea mua o ka Titanium he meamenite, nona ka inoa o 90% o ka hana, a me rutile,ʻo ia ka helu no 10%.
Ua kūkuluʻia he 6.3 miliona tonnes o ka mineral concentrate i 2010,ʻoiai he hapaʻuʻuku wale nō (e pili ana i 5%) o ka nui o nā mea i hanaʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka hopena o ka pae keleawe. Ma kahi o ka mea, ua hoʻohanaʻia nā mea he nui i ka hanaʻia o ke dioxide (TiO2), kahi hoʻokaeʻaʻahu i hoʻohanaʻia i loko o nā pena, nā meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hana.
Ma ka kaʻina mua o ka papahana Kroll, ua hoʻopauʻia a haoʻia ka hao o ka Titanium me ka puhi kahu i loko o kahi'enela hoʻomehana e hana i ka tetrachloride titanium (TiCl4). Hoʻokomoʻia ka chloride a hoʻounaʻia i loko o ka condenser, kahi e hoʻonuiʻia ai ka wai heheʻe wai nui i 99% mau.
Hoʻouna kokeʻia ka tetrachloride tetra i loko o nā moku i hoʻopaʻaʻia me ka magnesium. I mea e pale ai i ka pokepili oxygen, ua hanaʻia kēia mea i loko o ka'ōhū ma o ka hoʻohuiʻiaʻana o ke kalowa.
I ka manawa o ka hoʻopiliʻana o ka hoʻopiliʻana, kahi hiki ke lawe i nā lā he nui, ua wela ka moku i 1832 ° F (1000 ° C). Hoʻohui ka magnesium me ka chlorideʻala, e kāʻili ana i ka chloride a me ka hanaʻana i ka elemental a me ka magnesium.
ʻO ka kinano ka mea i huaʻia no ka hopena, ua kapaʻiaʻo ka'opena opa. No ka hāʻawiʻana i nā alalekaʻalani a me nā meaʻenehana hehi maʻemaʻe loa, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻeʻia ka'ōhuhi o ka'āpana me nāʻano pilina'ē aʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka peameni koho, ka plasma arc, a me ka melum arc.
I ka manaolana o ka emi ana o na koina o ka hoolewa ana o titanium, ua hoomau ia e imi pono i na hana electrolytic a me na mea e ae e hana ai i ka metala Titanium.
Ma muli o konaʻano kūlohelohe, hiki i ka paʻakikī ma ka hanaʻana i nā mea hana kelepona. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻoʻiaʻo ka nui o ka'ōniwi o ka paina a titanium e pili ana i 150,000 tonnes i ka 2010.ʻO nā'āina hoʻolaha nui loaʻo Kina, Iapana, Rusia, Kazakhstan, a meʻAmelika Huipūʻia. ʻO nā mea'eneʻano pāpaʻi nui he nui me VSMPO (Russia), Hui Mei Hui (USA), RTI Intl. (USA), Fushun Jinming Titanium Industry (China), Luoyang Sunrui Wayi Hawaiian Co. (China) a me Osaka Titanium Technology Co. (Japan).
Nā noi
Hanaʻia nā'aleka meaʻala nui i nāʻoihana nei:
- Aerospace
- Koa
- Nā lāʻau lapaʻau
- ʻOihana
- Nā mea hoʻolimalima
I loko o nā makahiki he hala i hala iho nei, ua nui ka huliʻana o nā mea hana mokulele i ka Titanium i mea hoʻohui nui. Mai kona hoʻohana muaʻiaʻana i nā makahiki 1960, ua piʻi kaʻenehana maʻamau o nāʻoihanaʻoihana kūʻai a Boeing mai ka 2% o ke kino o ka kino i kahi 15%. Nā mea hou aku ...
Nā kumuhana
> TIMET Video: Ka Papa Hana Kroll. Aia ma ka pūnaewele International Association Association: http://www.titanium.org
ʻO ka Geological Survey US: Titanium. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/
ʻO Vulcan,ʻo Tom. 2010. Ka hao: Ka pahu o nā akua . Kamakou.
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