Mai Rajastana a Waterbury: 2000 mau makahiki o ke keleawe
Ua hanaʻia nā kinikini zinc i ka mua o ka MH 5 minuke i Kina, a ua hoʻohana nuiʻia ma ka hikina a me ke kikowaena o Asia e ka kenekulia 2 a me ka 3 BC. Akā,ʻo kēia mau mea pono, e hiki ke maikaʻi ke kapaʻia he '' āpana 'āpau,' no ka mea,ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e hoʻolahaʻia nā mea e hana ana i ke keleawe a me ka zinc. Akā, ua'ālaʻiʻia nāʻiliahi mai nā'aleko momona waiwai nui, e hana ana i nā metala keleawe-like.
Hōʻike nā palapala Helene a me ka Roman i ka hana hanaʻana o nā mea āpau e like me ke keleawe i kēia manawa, e hoʻohana ana i ke keleawe a me ka mea momona momona iʻikeʻia he calamine, hoʻomakaʻia i ka makahiki 1 BC.
Ua hanaʻia ka keleawe Calamine me kahi papa hana hoʻomoʻu, kahi i hoʻonāʻia ai ke keleawe i loko o ke kai kūmole me ka'āpana smithsonite (aiʻole calamine). I nā mahana wela, e waiho ana ka zinc ma loko o ka likeʻole me ka vaporizes a hoʻopiha i ke keleawe, a pēlā e hana ai i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe me waena o 15 a 30 mau mākona zinc.
ʻAʻole lōʻihi ma hope iho o kaʻikeʻana o nā Roma i keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ke keleawe, ua hoʻomakaʻia ke kinikini i loko o ke kālā ma nā wahi o Turkey i kēia manawa. Ua hoʻolaha kokeʻia nā'āpana keleawe i loko o ka moku Roma, a aia nō nā hōʻike e neʻe ai ka hanana keleawe i ka'ākau o'Europa ma lalo o ka mana o Roma.
Ma hope o ka hāʻuleʻana o ka Pākē Roma, ua hoʻomauʻia ka hanaʻiaʻana o ka'āina i'Europa, akā,ʻaʻole kokoke i ka like.
ʻO ka hana keleawe i ka Indian subcontinent e hoʻi hou ana i ka kenekulia mua BC, a eia maʻaneʻi ua hoʻomaka muaʻia ka hana o ka ''āpana keleawe. Ma waho o ke kaʻina hana hoʻonāuki e huaʻia i ka keleawe calamine,ʻo ka pulupiliʻia ka papa hana e hoʻokahe pono i ka zinc metallic me ke keleawe.
Hoʻopiliʻia nā mea hana keleawe i ka manaʻoi aku ma luna o ka'enekene zinc, a no laila,ʻo nā waiwai o ke kinikini keleawe e hanaʻia. Akā, ua hoʻolālāʻia kēia hana ma ka loaʻaʻana o ka zinc metallic, i loaʻa i nā Asia he mau haneli ma mua o kaʻikeʻiaʻana maʻEulopa.
Me ka hanaʻenehana o ka hanana mīkini e kū kokoke ana i Zawar, Rajasthan ma ka kenekulia 14, ua manaʻoʻia ua hanaʻia ka papa mua mua ma kaʻaneʻi i kēia manawa.
I kēia lā,ʻo kaʻike mua loaʻana o ka hua kila keleawe i hoʻopiliʻia, he mea hōkū i Lahore i ka makahiki 1600.
Ma hope o ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ke kālā a me ke gula mai ka New World, ua hoʻohanaʻia ka keleawe i mea hao nui e hoʻonani ai i nā hale hoʻomana a me nā halekupapaʻu.
ʻO ke koiʻana i ka uluʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hana ma Germany a me Belgium ma nā kenekulia 15 a me 16, a ma ka makahiki 1559 ua loaʻa i ke kūlanakauhale o'Akhen i Siamani ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o nā talena keleawe he 13,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻikeʻia nā palapala mai ka manawa likeʻole e hoʻounaʻia ana nā mea keleawe nui i Afirika Komohana, e hōʻike ana i ka uluʻana o ke koiʻana o ka'āina no ke keleawe.
ʻOiai ua hoʻokuʻuʻia nā pūmole zinc mai Kina a me India i'Europa ma mua o ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke kenekulia 16,ʻaʻole he hōʻike e hōʻike ana ua kau ka poʻe metallurgists i ka pilina ma waena o ka zinc ma ka calaminemea a me ka metal zinc i kēlā manawa.
Nui ka nui o nā ho'āʻo e hoʻonui i ke keleawe i ka UK ma mua o kāna hana muaʻana ma kahi laina o Tintern Abbey i ka makahiki 1568 a hiki i ka hoʻopauʻiaʻana o ka Hui Mines Royal i ka makahiki 1689.ʻAʻole naʻe ma hope o ka hoʻopauʻiaʻana o ka paʻemaʻe o ke keleawe keleawe Pelekane. ʻO ke kenekulia 18 i ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke kala keleawe e lanakila ma nā wahi e pili ana iā Bristol, Swansea a me Birmingham.
I ka makahiki 1738, ua hoʻokaeʻiaʻo William Champion i kekahi ala no ka hoʻolālāʻenehana o ka zinc metallic, nā mea i hana nuiʻia, akā,ʻaʻole i hiki i ka makahiki 1781 ka hāʻawiʻiaʻana o kahi palapala hōʻailona no ke keleawe i hāʻawiʻia iā James Emerson. ʻOiaiʻaʻole iʻaeʻia e like me ka mea iʻike muaʻia,ʻoiaiʻo ka uku o ka hanaʻana, i ka halaʻana o nā makahiki he 70 i hala aʻe nei, ua loli ikiʻia ka hoʻokauʻiaʻana o keʻano o ka hanaʻana no nā'ōleka keleawe.
Mamua o ka loli o ka ahupuaa, ua lawaia na noi i pili pono i ke keleawe.
Hoʻokahi nō ia hoʻohanaʻana, akā, i nā pine no kaʻoihana hulu. Heʻiliʻeha keleawe ma'Eser, Surrey,ʻEnelani i hōʻea i ka makahiki 1697, i kūkala i ka hanaʻana i nā mau lālā.
Ua hoʻomakaʻia ka hana koa Brass maʻAmelika ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa a ua hoʻoukaʻia ma ke koiʻana i nā pihi keleawe no nāʻaʻahu koa. I ka makahiki 1800, ua hoʻokumuʻo Waterbury, Connecticut i kahiʻanoʻoihana keleawe, e hana ana i nā'ōuli, nā pihi, a me nā kukui.
Hiki koke ka hopena o nā waiwai kūikawā o Brass e hoʻohanaʻia i ka hanaʻana i nā mea hanahana he nui, e like me nā clocks, nā makelia, nā lālā a me nā mea hana hoʻokele.
Ma ka mid-1900, ua hoʻonuiʻia nā papa hou aʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka'ilika, e like me nā kapuahi'okihi kū i kēia mau lā, a ua hoʻohanaʻia e like me ka hoʻoukaʻana ma nā hulu o nā moku lāʻau. ʻO ka Cutty Sark, ka mīpala paʻakai kaulana i halihali i nā waiwai ma waena oʻEnelani a me'Asetalalia i ka hapalua o ka makahiki 19, ua hoʻokaheʻia i ka metala Muntz, he 60/40 paʻi keleawe i hoʻokaeʻia i 1832.
ʻO kekahi kumuhana nui no ke keleawe i hele mai me ka hoʻouluʻana i nā kāmeka kāmeka hao ma Falani a puni ka makahiki 1846.
ʻO ka ikaika o Brass e'ōwiliʻia i loko o nā'āpana lahilahi, palekana, nā meaʻole-magnetic a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i lilo i mea kūpono no nā pūpū hāhā. ʻO ka .44 Henry a me .56-56 Spencer, i hoʻohanaʻia i nā hao i ka wā o ke KauaʻAi MokuʻAmelika, ua hanaʻia i ka keleawe.
Nā kumuhana:
Kharakwal, JS a me LK Gurjar. "Zinc a me ka Brass ma ke KiʻikuhiʻAna." Ka Pelekane Nui oʻAmelika o ka Society of South Asian Archaeology . HKH: http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.06112/23
ʻO Pollard, Mark, a me Carl Heron. Ke kālaiʻike'akamai . RSC Publishing (1996).
Callcut, Vin. Ka Pōʻale Pane o ke Kēku . Hui Pūʻulu Hoʻokālā www.copper.org
HKH: http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2000/01-brasses/history_brass.html
E hahai i Terence ma Google