ʻO Manganese kahi mea nui i ka hanaʻana i ke kila . ʻOiai ka hoʻolauleʻaʻiaʻana o ke kila kila,ʻo ka nui o ka manganese i huaʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma hope o ka hao , ke alumini , ke keleawe , a me ka zinc .
Nā Āhua:
- Hōʻike'Apiha: Mn
- Atomic Helu: 25
- Nā mea e hoʻohuiʻia: Ke kaʻina hana
- Kuhikuhina: 7.21 g / cm³
- Ka Hopena Point: 2274.8 ° F (1246 ° C)
- Kohua kai eʻe: 3741.8 ° F (2061 ° C)
- Mohs Nino: 6
Nā Pūʻulu:
ʻO Manganese he mea nui loa a paʻakikī,'āpana kala-lahilahi.
ʻO kaʻumikumamālua hapa nui loa i loko o ka'ōpū o ka honua, hoʻonui ka manganese i ka ikaika, paʻakikī, a me ke kūpaʻa pale ma ka wiliʻana i ke kila.
ʻO Manganese ka hiki ke hoʻohui pono me ka sulfur a me ka oxygen, a he mea nui ia i ka hanaʻana o ke kila. Hoʻomaopopoʻo Manganese i ka oxidize kōkua no ka laweʻana i nā meaʻeha o ka oxygen, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka hana o ke kila ma nā wela kūpono ma o ka huiʻana me ka sulfur e hana i ka sulfide kiʻekiʻe.
Mōʻaukala:
ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā pūnaehu manganese e hoʻopau i nā makahiki he 17,000. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi kahiko, e like me ka poʻe ma Lascaux France, loaʻa ke kala mai ka manganese dioxide. Akā naʻe,ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia keʻano kilanila ma Manganese a hiki i ka makahiki 1774 e Johan Gottlieb Gahn,ʻekolu makahiki ma hope iho o kaʻikeʻana o kona hoa kōkua,ʻo Carl Wilhelm Scheele, he mea kū hoʻokahi.
ʻO paha ka ulu nuiʻana o ka manganese i hiki mai i kahi o 100 mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1860,ʻo Sir Henry Bessemer, ka'ōlelo aʻo a Robert Forester Mushet, ua hoʻokomo i ka manganese i kāna hana hana kila e hoʻopau i ka sulfur a me ka oxygen.
Ua hoʻonuiʻia ka paʻakikī o ka huahana i hoʻopauʻia, e hiki ai ke'ōwili a hanaʻia ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
I ka makahiki 1882, ua hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Sir Robert Hadfield i ka manganese me ke kalapona'okikomi, e hana ana i ke kinikini kila mua, i kēia manawa i kapaʻiaʻo Steelfield steel.
ʻOihana:
Hoʻokumu nuiʻiaʻo Manganese mai ka pyrolusite mineral (MnO 2 ), a, ma ka awelika, aia i loko o 50% manganese.
No ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻoihana kila, hoʻonohonohoʻia ka manganese i nā silicomanganese a me ka ferromanganese. Wahi a ka International Manganese Institute, ua hanaʻia he 11.7 miliona tononi metric o ka'āpana manganese i 2009. No kēia mea, ua heluʻia nā silicomanganese i 7.4 miliona metric tonnes, a uaʻikeʻia he 4,4 miliona tononi metric.
ʻO ka Ferromanganese, kahi i 74-82% manganese, ua hanaʻia a hoʻopaʻaʻia e like me ke kalapona kiʻekiʻe (> 1.5% carbon), ka carbon carbon (1.0-1.5% carbon) a iʻole ke kalapona haʻahaʻa (<1% carbon). ʻO nā meaʻekolu a pau i hanaʻia ma o ka puhiʻana o ka manganese dioxide, hao hao a me ka lanahu (coke) i kahi puhiʻana, aiʻole ka nui, he kapuahi ahi. ʻO ka nui o ka mahana i hanaʻia e ke kapuahi e alakaʻi aku ai i ka emiʻana o ka mau meaʻaiʻekolu, i ka hopena o ka ferromanganese.
Silicomanganese, nona ka helu 65-68%, 14-21% manganese a ma kahi o 2% carbon e laweʻia mai ka pa i hanaʻia ma ka hanaʻana o ka carbon ferromangania iʻole ka pololei paha mai ka manganese ore. Ma ka hoʻouluʻana i ka hao me ka coke a me ka quartz ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa, ua hoʻoneʻeʻia ka oxygen aʻo ka quartz ke hoʻololi i ka huakiuma, e waiho ana i silicomanganese.
ʻO ka manganese electrolytic, me nā pona i waena o 93-98%, ua hanaʻia e ka leaching manganese me ka sulfuric acid.
Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Amoni a me hydrogen sulfide e hoʻokahe i nā kinoʻole i makemakeʻoleʻia, e like me ka hao, ka aluminika, arsenic, zinc, lead , cobalt , a me ka molybdenum . Laweʻia ka hoʻopuka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia i loko o ka cell electlyly and through a process electronlytic e hana i kahi'ōmole kikokikona o ka metala metal i ka cathode.
ʻO China ka meaʻoihana nui loa o kaʻilikai manganese, ua heluʻia he 22% o ka manganese i hanaʻia i ka makahiki 2009 a me ka mea hana nui loa o nā mea momona i hoʻoheheʻeʻia (e like me ka ferromanganese, silicomanganese a me ka manganese electrolytic). I ka makahiki 2009, ua kūʻaiʻiaʻo Kina he 6.6 miliona metric tonnes o nā'āpana manganese, 57% o ka nui o nā huahana o ka honua,ʻo ia hoʻi he 64% o ka hoʻoulu o ka honua aʻoi aʻe ma mua o 95% o ka manganese electrolytic honua.
Nā noi:
Ma kahi o 90 pakeneka o ka manganese i pau i kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻohanaʻia i ka hanaʻana o ke kila .
Hoʻohanaʻia ka hapakolu o kēia mau mea ma keʻano he desulpherizer a de-oxidizer, me ke koena i hoʻohanaʻia e like me keʻano o ka mea koho.
Nā kumuhana:
ʻO ka International Manganese Institute. www.manganese.org
ʻO ka Hui Kamaliʻi. http://www.worldsteel.org
ʻO Newton,ʻo Joseph. He Hoʻomaka i nā Metallurgy. ʻO ka lua. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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