E aʻo i ka mea e hana ai i kahi mea'alapīpī a iʻole ka lama a iʻole ka kaumaha
Nā Papa Hanaʻiliahi
Hoʻokomo pinepineʻia kaʻaila hinu ma luna o nāʻano o ke kino a me ka hana melemele, ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā hua'ōlelo e like me "nā meaʻono" a "iʻole," "mālamalama" aiʻole "kaumaha." Eʻokoʻa kaʻailaʻaila i ke kumukūʻai, kūpono, a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni.
He aha ka "meaʻono" i hoʻohuiʻia i kaʻaila.
ʻO kaʻailaʻaila me ka lepo sulfur e hoʻohālikelikeʻia he "meaʻono;"ʻo kaʻailaʻaila me kahi mahele o ka sulfur kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohālikeʻia he "ʻona." Ua manaʻoʻia ka'enela sulful heʻanoʻonoʻole e pili ana i ka mea hana a me ka hopena o nā huahana. No laila,ʻo ka meaʻono maikaʻi loa ka mea makemake a me ka waiwai ma mua o ke kinoʻeha.
He aha ka mea e hana ai i kahiʻaila hauʻino "mālamalama?"
Hiki ke hoʻohālikeʻia kaʻino e like me "mālamalama" aiʻole "kaumaha," heʻano e pili ana i ka nui o kaʻaila e like me ka American Petroleum Institute (API) Paʻemina. Hōʻikeʻia kēia ana pehea e hoʻolālikelikeʻia ai kaʻaila a iʻole ka hinu nui i ka wai. Ināʻoi aku ka nui o kaʻaila API o kaʻaila ma mua o ka 10,ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka wai a e lele i luna. Inā he emi kaʻaila API o kaʻaila ma lalo o 10,ʻoi aku kona kaumaha ma mua o ka wai a e emi iho.
'Alahi a maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o ka hana maʻalahi. He piʻi nui aʻe o ka light hydrocarbons i hiki ke hoʻihoʻiʻia me kahi'ākala liʻiliʻi i kahi hoʻonaʻemaʻe.
ʻAʻole hiki ke laweʻia, laweʻia, a hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia e nā hana maʻamau no ka mea, he mau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka sulfur a me kekahi mau metala,ʻo ia ka nickel a me ka vanadium. Hiki ke hele aku ka nui o ka pele aʻoi paha i ka wai. Uaʻikeʻia nō hoʻi kaʻailaʻaila e kapaʻia he "mau one one" no ka nui o kona waihona bitumen.
Me ka'eneke liʻiliʻi,ʻeleʻele, aʻoi aku kaʻaila o kaʻaila e hua mai i ka mahele nui o nā huahana haʻahaʻa. Pono nui nā mea e hanaʻia e Heavy makemake no ka hoʻolakoʻana i nā huahana waiwai aʻoi aku.
He aha ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka waiwai waiwai waiwai o Crude Oil?
ʻO ka mea maʻamau,ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi a iʻole ka hoʻouluʻana i kaʻaila i loaʻa,ʻo ia ka mea nui i manaʻoʻia. ʻO nāʻanoʻokoʻa kālā ma waena o nāʻaila e hōʻike nui i kaʻoluʻolu o ka hoʻonaʻemaʻeʻana.
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻeʻia kaʻaila maʻemaʻe e hana i nā huahana mai loko mai o kaʻaila a me ka'olina no nā kukui māmā a me ke kinoea maoli , me nāʻano kumu likeʻole e like me ka sulfur a me kaʻaila. ʻO nā huahanaʻaila ka mea nui i ka hanaʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā meaʻokoʻa, a me nāʻaila.
Pehea ka hoʻopiliʻana o ka'ānā
ʻO ka māmā māmā - ka hoʻonāʻana i ka pae mua -ʻo nāʻanoʻaila likeʻole nā hualoaʻa likeʻole. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo kaʻaila nui o US,ʻo West Texas Intermediate (WTI), heʻano kiʻekiʻe o nāʻano kūpono o nā huahana i makemakeʻia, e like me ka'ōhinu. Akā, ke hāʻawi nei ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i kahiʻakolu '' liʻiliʻi, 'he koena i ka hualoaʻa e pono ke koiʻia a kūʻaiʻia paha i ka uku. ʻO ka hoʻokekēʻana,ʻo ka māmā māmā o Saudi Arabian Light, ka hōʻailona o ka mōʻaukala, ka mea i loaʻa i ka hapa "kahi liʻiliʻi." ʻO kēia hoʻololi e hāʻawi iā WTI i ka uku kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO kaʻoiʻana o kaʻaila,ʻo ka nui o nā mea i makemakeʻia, nā huahana i loaʻa mai ma o ka distillation ma kahi o nā mahana. Ma ke anuanu o nā distillation haʻahaʻa, loaʻa nā huahana i loko o nā kinoeaʻaila wai (LPG), naphtha a kapaʻiaʻo "holo pololei" gasolina. Ma ka waena waena o nā mahana hoʻolālā,ʻo ka hoʻouluʻana e hoʻopuka i ka pahu momona, kaʻaila hoʻolāʻau home, a me ka wai paila.
I ke anuanu kiʻekiʻe loa -ʻoi aku ma kahi o 1000 degrees Fahrenheit - ua huaʻia nā huahana iʻoi aku ka nui loa, e like me ka liʻiliʻi a me kaʻailaʻaila, e hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia no nā lubricants. No ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā huahana o nā meaʻoi aku i makemake nuiʻia,ʻo nā meaʻenehana e hoʻoponopono pinepine i nā huahana iʻoi loa aku ka hua.
Ua nui aʻe kaʻona o kaʻaila halaʻole ma mua o kekahi?
"Paʻi" e pili ana i ka hopena o kaʻaila i nā kānaka a me nā meaola ola'ē aʻe, a me ka'āina a me ka wai.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau,ʻoi aku ka maʻa o kaʻaila, aʻoi aʻe ka meaʻona. Ma muli o ka hiki mau o ka waipiu, ua hoʻohui ka Environmental Protection Agency i kaʻailaʻaila ma nā hananaʻehā e hōʻike ana i ka hanaʻana o kaʻaila i ka puna a me ka hopena:
Ka Papa A: No ka mea he māmā a nui maoli ka wai, hiki ke hoʻopili kokeʻia kēia mauʻaila maʻemaʻe a me ka wai. He ikaika ko lākou huelo, a wikiwiki lākou i ka laweʻana i nā hua'ōlelo. Hiki hiki ke puhiʻia, komo pū kēia mauʻaila i loko o nā porous surfaces, e like me ka lepo a me ke one, a hiki paha ke noho i nā wahi kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai lākou. Hiki i nā kānaka, iʻa, a me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona āpau ke kūpilikia o ka makeʻana i nā hui Akahi.
Papa B: Ma lalo o ka papa A, hiki i ka meaʻawaʻawa ka meaʻawaʻawa,ʻo kēia mauʻailaʻaʻole loa ia e paʻa i kaʻili a no kaʻoluʻolu. Ke loaʻa aku nei lākou i ka mea mahana,ʻo ka nui o nā hui B B me nā mea'ē aʻe; hiki iā lākou ke paʻakikī e wehe. Ke hoʻopauʻia nā huila kūpono o nā hui B Class B, e hiki ke hopena i kahi koena C C a D paha. ʻO ka papa B me ka'ōnaehana i nāʻaila kaumaha.
Ka Papa C: ʻO kēia mau mea momona,ʻo nāʻaila wāwae,ʻo ia hoʻi nāʻaila o kaʻaila a me ka medium i nā mea kaumaha i nā meaʻeleʻele, ua lohi e komo i loko o nā mea paʻakikī. Eia naʻe, ua paʻakikī nāʻaila C C i kahi hiki ke hoʻokuʻuʻia a hiki ke komo i loko o ka wai a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu a hoʻoulu paha i ka mea hihiu.
Ka Papa D: ʻAʻohe kaona,ʻaʻohe meaʻawaʻawa nā hinuʻeleʻele aʻaʻole hoʻi e komo i loko o nā porous. ʻO ka nui o kaʻeleʻele aʻeleʻele paha,ʻo kaʻaila D nā mea eʻoki a uhi i nāʻaoʻao i ka wā e wela ai, kahi e maʻa ai ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hiki i loko o kėia papa ke hana 'ai i kaʻaila, e like me ka bitumen i loaʻa i ke one.