He aha nā enzymes? Pehea e hana ai?
No ka hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana o nā enzymes, he mea nui loa eʻike i nāʻano o nā enzymes. Ke waiho waleʻia, he mau proteinia ka pilina e komo ai i nā kaʻina hana pūnaewele pū me ka mea hiki ke hoʻonui i ke alapine o ka hopena ma waena o nā kumuola alamole. ʻAʻole ola ke ola me kaʻole o nā enzymes.
He aha nā enzymes a he aha ka mea i kaʻawale ai lākou?
ʻO nā enzymes ka hoʻomeleʻia i nā hopenaʻenehana e hikiʻole ke hanaʻia ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i ka ikehu hoʻonā i kahi "kūpono" aku no ka pūnaewele.
Hiki i kekahi mau enzymes ke hoʻololi i kekahi pane (aiʻole nā mea hana) mai ke ala e hanaʻia ai ma o ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka ikehu hana (Ea) i ka nui o ka hopena i kaʻaoʻao o kaʻaoʻao.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā enzymes e hoʻohana ana i nāʻano hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe . Hoʻonuiʻia ka mākaukau o ka hoʻomākaukauʻana o ka enzy ma ka hoʻoholoʻana i kāna hana maʻamau.
ʻO ke Composition of Enzymes
Hiki i nā enzymes ke loaʻa i nā kaumaha mole mole mai ka 10,000 aʻoi aku i ka 1 miliona. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka mikalua ka helu o nā kaumaha'aene o nā mana o kahi mole. I ke kalakino, hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia ka hua'ōlelo e hoʻohanaʻia me ka nui o ka mole. Loaʻa kekahi mau enzymes i nā kaumaha molekino i hāʻule i lalo o ka laulua i heluʻia ma luna nei.
ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o nā enzymesʻaʻole ia he pale akā aia nā'ōmene RNA catalytic liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka manawa pinepine,ʻo nā enzymes he mau'āpana pākahi-lahilahi i kūkuluʻia he maha o nā'āpana puʻupuʻu pū hoʻokahi.
Nui nā enzymes e hoʻohālikelike i nā mau hana me ke kōkuaʻole, akāʻo kekahi e makemake i kahi mea non-protein i kapaʻia he kumuhana.
Hiki i nā hui pāʻani ke hoʻololiʻia e like me Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , aiʻole Zn 2+ , aiʻole i loko o nā'ōleʻa organic aiʻole metallo-organic i kapaʻia he co-enzymes.
Pehea e hoʻolahaʻia ai nā Enzymes?
Hoʻonohonohoʻia nā enzymes e like me nā hamo e hoʻonāukiuki ai lākou. ʻO nā papaʻeono he mau mea kēia: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, doserase, and ligases.
ʻO nā hydrolases, oxidoreductases, a me nā transferases o nāʻano enzymes nui loa, aʻo nāʻano o nā enzymes i koe e emiʻole ia.
Oxidoreductases catalyze nā hana hoʻohālike i kahi e hele ai nā electrons mai kekahi mole i kekahi. ʻO nā transferases hoʻohālike i ka laweʻana i kahi hui hana mai kahi'āpana i kekahi. Hiki i nā'enehu hydrolahse catalyze hydrolysis a iʻole ke kaʻina hana e uhaʻiʻia ai nā kaula i ka wā e hiki ai i ka wai.
ʻO nā Lyases he mau enzymes e hoʻohālike i ka haʻihaʻiʻana o nā paʻa me nā mea paʻa ma o nā mea'ē aʻe ma mua o ka hydrolysis a me ka hoʻonāʻana, e hana pinepine ana i ka mea hoʻopaʻa hou hou a iʻole keʻano o ke apo hou. Hoʻohālikeʻia nā kinona e like me ka hoʻololiʻana i ka hoʻololi i loko o kahi mole, e hoʻololi i keʻano. Aia nā hana i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o ka ligation, iʻikeʻia hoʻiʻo ka huiʻana o kekahi mau pani, a iʻole nā mea hana.
Nā Māmā o nā Enzymes
ʻO ka waiʻona dehydrogenase he enzyme oxidoreductase e hoʻololi ana i nāʻaina i aldehydes a iʻole nā konesona. Paʻi kēia enzyme i ka meaʻawaʻawa i ka meaʻona e like me kona wāwahiʻana. He kī nui hoʻiʻo ia ma ka hana hoʻoikaika.
ʻO nā hua'ōlelo Aminotransferases nā mea i hoʻohālikeʻia e hoʻomele i ka hōʻinoʻiaʻana o ka wai amino ma ka weheʻana i nā hui amino.
ʻO ka glucose-6-phosphatase he hydrolase e hoʻoneke ai i ka hui phosphate mai glucose-6-phosphate, e waiho ana i ka glucose a me H 3 PO 4 .
Kūkulu i ka decarboxylase he lyysis e hoʻoneʻeneʻa ana i ka CO 2 mai ka paʻi.
ʻO ka huapili lipopeseti phosphate ka hopena e hoʻohālikelike i ka haunaele o ka ribulose-5-phosphate a xylulose-5-phosphate. A,ʻo ka hopena, hexokinaseis ligase e hoʻolālā i ka hoʻohuli o glucose a me ATP me glucose-6-phosphate a me ADP.