He aha nāʻanoʻokoʻa o ke kila?
ʻO ke kumu,ʻo ka kila he hao a me ka carbon,ʻoiaiʻo ka nui o ke kalapona, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea haumia a me nā mea'ē aʻe e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea o kēlā me kēia kila kila.
ʻO ke kalapona kalapona i loko o ke kila he hiki ke piʻi mai ka 0.1-1.5%, akāʻo nāʻanuʻuʻoi loa i hoʻohana nuiʻia i nā'eneke wale nō he 0.1-0.25% carbon.
ʻO nā mea nui e like me ka manganese , ka phosphorus, a me ka sulfur aia i nāʻili a pau o ke kila, akā,ʻoiai ka manganese e hāʻawi aku ai i nā hopena maikaʻi, phosphorus a me ka sulfur e hoʻohemo i ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi.
Hoʻohanaʻia nāʻanoʻanoʻano kila e like me nā waiwai i makemakeʻia no kā lākou noi, a ua hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano papa hana e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā ukana e pili ana i kēia mau waiwai. Wahi aʻAmelika Iron a Steel Steel (AISI), hiki ke hoʻopili nuiʻia ke kila i loko oʻehā mau poʻe e like me kā lākou mele mele:
- Nā Carbon Steels
- Nā Kūmole'Āina
- ʻO nā mea kino hao
- ʻO nā mea hana
Nā Carbon Steels
ʻO nā'ōpona Carbon aia i loko o nā'ōpili o nā māhele pilikino a me ka helu no 90% o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ke kila. Hiki ke hoʻohālike houʻia nā'ōpona Carbon iʻekolu mau pūʻulu e pili ana i kā lākou kalapona kalapona:
- ʻO nāʻanuʻu kalapona he nui a me nāʻanuʻu'enepele e paʻa i ka 0.3% carbon
- Loaʻa nā'ōmole carbon dioxide 0.3 - 0.6% carbon
- Loaʻa nā'ōmole kalapona kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka 0.6% carbon
Nā Kūmole'Āina
ʻO nā kinikini pūnaewele kekahi mau mea pilikino (e like me ka manganese, ke kānikoni, ka nickel , ka'enepa , ke keleawe , ka chrome , a me ka alumini ) ma ka hoʻololiʻana i nāʻano i mea e hoʻopili ai i nā waiwai o ke kila, e like me kona paʻakikī , kūpaʻa o ka hōʻino ,
ʻO nā noi no nā kinipona kila e hoʻokomoʻia nā pipeline, nāʻaoʻao manuahi, nā mea houhana, nā manahana mana a me nā kaʻa uila.
ʻO nā mea kino hao
ʻO nā mea hao kino aia kekahi ma waena o 10-20% chromium ma keʻano hoʻohui hoʻololi nui a ke kūponoʻia no ke kūpaʻa kūpikipiki kiʻekiʻe. Me kahi o 11% chromium,ʻoi aku kaʻili i kahi 200 mau manawa iʻoi aku ke kūpono i kaʻinoʻino ma mua o ke kila kila. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia kēia mau'ūpili iʻekolu mau lālā e like me kā lākou papa hana kupunipuni:
- Austenitic : He mau mea non-magnetic a me ka mea kinoʻole o nā Austenitic, a he 18% chromium ka nui, 8% nickel a emi iho ka 0.8% carbon. ʻO nāʻene Austenitic ka māhele nui loa o ka māmāʻilima o ka honua a hoʻohana pinepineʻia i nā meaʻai meaʻai, nā mea kuke, a me ka pipipi.
- Ferritic :ʻO nā kohu Ferritic ka nickel, 12-17% chromium, emi iho ka 0.1% carbon, a me nā mea'ē aʻe e like me ka molybdenum , ka aluminika a me ka parani. ʻAʻole hiki ke paʻakikīʻia kēia mau kipahili ma ka lawelawe welaʻana akā hiki ke hoʻoikaikaʻia ma ka hana maʻamau .
- Martensitic : He mau'enekele Martensitic 11-17% chromium, emi iho he 0.4% nickel, a hiki i ka 1.2% carbon. Hoʻokomoʻia kēia mau'enehu a me ka mahana-wela i nā pahi, kaʻokiʻana i nā mea hana, a me nā kīʻaho niho a me nā lako lāʻau.
ʻO nā mea hana
Aia nā pūnaewele hōʻailona i ka tungsten , molybdenum, cobalt a vanadium ma nāʻano likeʻole e hoʻonui ai i ka pale a me ka lōʻihi, e hoʻonanea ia lākou no kaʻokiʻana a me nā mea puhi.
Hiki ke puʻunaueʻia nā hua kumu pōhaku e ko lākou mauʻano a me nā noi like:
- ʻO nā hua lōʻihi / paihana nā pale a me nā koʻokoʻo, nā huila, nāʻili, nā'ā'ī, nā pipili, a me nāʻano a me nā māhele. Hoʻohanaʻia kēia mau huahana ma nāʻenehana a me nā kūkulu hale.
- ʻO nā hua pālahalaha,ʻo ia nā papa, nā pale, nā pū, a me nāʻili. ʻO kēia mau mea i hoʻohana nuiʻia i loko o nā'āpana o nā lakohana, nā lakohana, hoʻopili, kāpili moku, a me ke kūkuluʻana.
- ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe ua komo nā kaula, nā hui, a me nā'ēheu a ua hoʻohana nuiʻia e like me nā mea paipai.
Nā kumuhana
- Hui Hui Pūʻulu. Pūnaewele: www.worldsteel.org
- Street, Arthur & Alekanedero, WO 1944. Nā Malu i loko o ka lawelawe a ke kanaka . 11th Edition (1998).
- Eiloa.com. Nā Kūlana Nui o nā Koko . Paena pūnaewele: www.efunda.com
- ʻOʻAmelika Iron & Steel Institute. www.steel.org