ʻO ka metalum hui pū kekahi kekahi o nā mea nui loa ma ka honua. I ka nui o nā kānaka e noʻonoʻo ai i nā metala o ka platinum e nānā wale lākou i ka platinum a me ka palladium. Me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka wela a me nā mea waiwai o ka platinum kaha nui a me ka palladium, he mau kī nui o ka mea hoʻohuli catalytic e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka lāʻau make ma mua o ka hoʻohaumiaʻana i ke kaiāulu. Eia naʻe,ʻo ka platinum a me ka palladiumʻelua wale nō o nāʻeonoʻeono e paʻa i ka pūʻali nui o nāʻano.
ʻO nā hui, osmium, iridium a me ruthenium nā meaʻehā'ē aʻe i hoʻohuiʻia e like me nā pūʻulu PGM a platinum paha. Elua mau hui o PGM. ʻO ka palladium pūpū kahi platinum, palladium a me rhodium. ʻO ka iridium pūʻulu he iridium, osmium a me ruthenium. Ma kēia māhele, e nānā kākou i kēia mau meaʻehā a me nā mea liʻiliʻi ma keʻano o ko lākou moʻolelo, nāʻano a me nā hoʻohana.
Kamali
Uaʻikeʻo William Hyde Wollaston i ka rhodium i 1803, ma hope koke iho o konaʻikeʻana i ka palladium i 1802. He kola kālā kona; he lōʻihi a he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hanaʻia ka hua kila ma ke kolamuʻulaʻulaʻula - he mahele maʻamau, ua heluʻia he 0,0002 hapa ma ka miliona o ka'ōpū o ka honua. ʻO ka hoʻoukaʻana o ka hoʻokumuʻia he 30 mau ton ma ka makahiki. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā meaʻaʻaʻole e hōʻemi i ka waiwai o Rhodium; aia kaʻoi o ka hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka platinum a me ka māmā haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka hoʻohana muaʻana o ka rhodium i loko o nā mea hoʻohālike catalytic, e like me ka platinum a me ka palladium.
Ma muli o kaʻoluʻoluʻole o nā'ōpiopio o Kamel, aia nā mea hoʻohana ma ka hanaʻana i nā mea nani. Hāʻawi ia i kahi keʻokeʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke gula keʻokeʻo ma o ka kohoʻana. Hoʻomaopopo ia i ke kālā maikaʻi mai kaʻaiʻana.
ʻO Osmium
Ua loaʻaʻo Wollaston a me Smithson Tennant i ka osmium i ka 1803. He huahanaʻo Osmium i ka platinum, ka nickel a me ke keleawe.
ʻOi aku kaʻoi o kaʻoihana o Osmium ma mua o ko Rhodium - no ka mea,ʻo ia kaʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao nui loa ma ka'ōpū o ka honua me ka awelika o ka 50 mau'āpana o ka hapani. ʻO ka nui o ka hanaʻana o ka osmium ma lalo o hoʻokahi tona i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO konaʻano māmāʻo osmium he mea'eleʻa loa ia,ʻo nā noihana kālepa e makemake ana e hoʻololi iā ia me nā mea like'ē aʻe. He mea paʻakikī nā'ōleka Osmium. ʻO nā'ōmole pene penihana, nā pivots instrument a me nā leka uila e koi pinepine i ka wai. Ma muli o keʻano noʻonoʻo o ka osmium, ua hanaʻia nā moku i nā moku e hanaʻia me nā aniani i hoʻohuiʻia me ka osmium.
ʻO Iridium
Ua loaʻaʻo Smithson Tennant iridium i ka 1803.ʻO Iridium kekahi mea hao nui i loaʻa he 0.001 mau māhele ma ka miliona o ka honua. ʻO Iridium ka hopena me nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa maʻekoluʻano o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o ka honua. ʻO ka'āina nui loa o ka honua i Aferika Hema, akā,ʻo ka nui o ke keleawe a me ka waihona nickel nā iridium. ʻO ka'ōmalima o ka makahiki he 3 mau ton. Makemakeʻia ka Iridium no nā huahana pili i nā ponohana. I loko o kona mau mea pū kekahi,ʻo ia ka hanaʻana i nā hōʻailona e koiʻia no ka uluʻana i nā kālepa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Hiki i nā puhi puʻupuʻu ke komo i ka iridium e like me nā electrodes a me nā mea hana hoʻohālike. ʻO kahi isotope o ka iridium he kumu ia o ka radiation radical no nā maʻamau maʻi maʻi.
Ruthenium
Uaʻikeʻo Karl Ernst Klaus i ka ruthenium i ka makahiki 1844.ʻO Ruthenium ka māmā nui loa ma ka honua. Hoʻokomoʻia ke kohana i loko o kekahi o nā hui me ka hui pūpili platinum ma nā Ural Mountains a ma North and South America. ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā hui āpau ma kahi o 12 mau tonetona o ka ruthenium i kēlā me kēia makahiki a me nā mālama'āina ma kahi o 5,000 tons. ʻO Ruthenium e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka platinum a me ka palladium; aia nā hoʻohana i ka hanaʻana o nā mea leka uila me ka palekana. ʻO Ruthhenium kekahi mau mea'ē aʻe i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻololiʻana o ka ikehu a me ka hūnāʻikepili. ʻO Ruthenium ka mea hoʻohālikelike nui a he mau mea kupanaha i ka hana maʻamau koʻikoʻi, ka superconductivity exotic a me ka ferromagnetism kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hui, iridium, ka osmium a me ka ruthenium wale nō i kālepa ma ka mākino kūikawā -ʻaʻohe'ōlelo kālai'āina ma kēia mau moa. ʻO nā pGM nā mea nui loa. I ka hoʻonuiʻana o kaʻenehana e hana i nā noi no kēia mau mea kupaianaha paʻakikī, nā'ōpana lōʻihi me nāʻano kūikawā he nui. I ka uluʻana o nā mea ulu e like me ka makemake. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo ka liloʻana o iridium wale nō ka makahiki i ulu mai ka 2.5 tonni i 2001 a 10.4 mau mika i ka 2010.ʻO ka loli o kēia mau metala ke hoʻokaʻawale maoli iā lākou he mau mea waiwai nui.