Ka Hoʻololiʻana i nā holoholona i waena o nā holoholona ma waena o nā huahana
He weheweheʻana o ka DNA
ʻO ka DNA, aʻo ka deoxyribonucleic acid,ʻo ia ka mea waiwai i loko o nā kānaka a kokoke i nā meaola likeʻole. Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele i loko o ke kino o ke kino kekahi DNA like. ʻO ka DNA nui kahi i loko o ka pūnaewele pū (kahi i kapaʻiaʻo DNA), akā, hiki ke loaʻa kahi DNA liʻiliʻi i loko o ka mitochondria, kahi i kapaʻia aiʻo DNA a me ka mtDNA.
ʻO kaʻike i loko o ka DNA e mālamaʻia ma keʻano he helu i kūkuluʻia no nā kumuhanaʻehā: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), a me thymine (T). ʻO ka DNA pū'ālua heʻekoluʻaila bona, aʻo kaʻoi aku o ke 99 pakeneka o ia mau kumuhana like nō ia i nā kānaka a pau. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho, a ma ke kaʻina o kēia mau kumu, e hoʻoholo i kaʻike e hiki ai ke kūkulu a mālama i ke kino. Ua like kēia pūnaewele me ke ala i puka ai nā huapalapala o ka pī'āpā ma kekahi o ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i nā hua'ōlelo a me nā hua'ōlelo.
ʻO nā pūnaewele DNA i hui pū me kekahi i kekahi (ʻo ia, A me T a me C me G) no ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā māhele i kapaʻia he pai papa. Hoʻopili pūʻia kēlā me kēia kumu i kahi'ōmole me ka phosphate mole. Ke hui pūʻia nā meaʻekolu (kahi kumu, he kō, a phosphate) i kapaʻia he nucleotide. Hoʻonohonohoʻia nā nucleotides ma nā kaula lōʻihi e hana i keʻano i kapaʻia he helix heli. ʻO keʻano o nā helix heʻano like me kahi alapihi, me nā hui papa e hana ana i nā apo o ke alapiʻi a me nā sukalā a me nā phosphate mole e hana ana i nāʻaoʻaoʻaoʻao o ke alapiʻi.
ʻO kahi waiwai nui o DNAʻo ia hiki ke hana kope, a iʻole e hana i nā kope. Hiki i kēlā me kēiaʻokoʻa o DNA i loko o ka helix helika ke lilo i kumu no ke kopeʻana i ka pae o nā kumu. He mea nui kēia ma ka weheʻana o nā puʻupuʻu no kēlā me kēia pūnaewele hou e loaʻa kahi kope pololei o ka DNA i loko o ka pūnaewele kahiko.
ʻO ke kaʻina o ka DNIN Microinjection
I loko o ka DNin microinjection, iʻikeʻia hoʻi he microinjection pronuclear, ua hoʻohanaʻia kahi pipili keʻokeʻo maikaʻi e hoʻokaʻina lima i ka DNA mai kekahi'ōpū i nā hua o kekahi. ʻO ka manawa kūpono loa no keʻokiʻana i ka wā ma hope o ka hoʻomohalaʻana i ka manawaʻelua o ke kuʻiʻana. I ka manawa e hana ai nā meaʻelua i kahi pahu mele hoʻokahi, hiki i ka DNA i hoʻopiʻiʻia a iʻole paha e hāpaiʻia. Ke hōʻikeʻo Ke Kulanui o Kaleponi (Irvine) i ka hopena i ka hopena o 10% i ka 15 pakeneka ma muli o nā hoʻokolohua me nā mice e hoʻokolohua i ka pono no nā transgenes. Inā hoʻokomoʻia ka DNA i loko o ka genome, ua hanaʻia pēlā me kaʻole. Ma muli o kēia, hiki i ka manawa e loaʻaʻole i ka GMO kahi manawa e hoʻomoʻe ai i ka pūpū, aiʻole paha e pāpā i ka hōʻikeʻana o kekahiʻano'ē aʻe ma ka chromosome.
Ma muli o ke kāpili DNA, e hoʻololiʻia ka ovum i ka oviduct o kahi wahine hānai, aiʻole hānai hānai, i hoʻouluʻia e ka piliʻana me ka male vasectomized.
Nā kumuhana:
'Ōlelo Kūkākūkā o Genetics. He aha ka DNA? Ka Waihona Puke Lapaʻauʻo US. https://ghr.nlm.nig.gov/primer/basics/dna