ʻO ke Kuʻukiaʻo Biotechnology
Mai kahi o nā hoʻokolohua DNA mua i 40 mau makahiki i hala, ua hoʻoikaikaʻia nāʻenehana'enekeneke e hoʻokumu i nā molelaola olaola, i hana i nā microorganisms a me nā pūnaewele, nā ala e hōʻea hou ai i nā genes aʻike i keʻano o kā lākou hanaʻana, a me nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. I waenakonu o kēia hoʻolāʻau hoʻokele bioengineering, ua hoʻonuiʻia nā noihana pāʻoihana, a ua kūkuluʻia kahiʻoihana e like me ka hoʻopiliʻana o ke kin, hoʻopiʻiʻana i keʻano o ka DNA , ka hoʻopiʻiʻana o RNA, ka lakaʻana a me kaʻikeʻana o ka biomolecule, a me ka hōʻailona nucleic acid.
ʻO nāʻelua mauʻoihanaʻenehana kūikawā: Medical and Agricultural
Ke hoʻolako nuiʻia kaʻoihanaʻenehanaʻenehana i loko o nāʻeke kūkele a me kaʻoihana mahiʻai. ʻOiai ke hoʻohanaʻia nei ka hoʻomohalaʻana i ka Biotechnology i nā wahi hoʻonāukiuki'ē aʻe e like me nā hanaʻenehana o nā meaʻenekini, a me ka biotemediation , heʻano laulā a ua palenaʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i kēia mau wahi.
I kekahiʻaoʻao, ua hana kēlā me kēiaʻoihana hana lapaʻau a me ka mahiʻai i kahi hanana hanana honua me nā hana hou-a me nā hakakā - nā noiʻi noiʻi, nā papahana hoʻolālā, a me nā hana pāʻoihana eʻike, hoʻololi, aiʻole e hana i nā biomolecule a me nā meaola e hoʻohana ana i ka bioengineering.
ʻO ka'ōhumu'ōkino'ōkoho
Ua hoʻokumuʻo Biotechnology i kahiʻokoʻa hou e pili ana i ka uluʻana o nā lāʻau i hikiʻole ke komo i loko o kaʻike nui iʻikeʻia e nā poʻe hana hoʻokae.
Ua weheʻia kēia hanana i kahi poʻe hoʻomaka o nā hoʻomaka hoʻomakaʻana me ka hoʻokumuʻia o Cetus (i kēia manawa o Novartis Diagnostics) a me Genetech i ka makahiki o 1970.
Ma hope o ka loaʻaʻana o kahi kaiāulu waiwai kaiāulu no kaʻoihanaʻenehanaʻenehana ma Silicon Valley , ua hui pūʻia nā pūnaehanaʻoihanaʻenehana hou ma ka mokuʻo San Francisco Bay. I loko o nā makahiki, ua hoʻokumuʻia he mau haneli o nāʻoihana hoʻomaka me nā wahi wela i ka US a puniʻo Seattle, San Diego, North Carolina's Research Triangle Park, Boston, a me Philadelphia, a me kahi mau 'āina likeʻole e like me nā wahi a puni Berlin, Heidelberg, a me Munich i Kelemānia,'Oxford a Cambridge ma UK, aʻo Medicon Valley ma ka hikina o Denmark a me kaʻaoʻao hema o Suedena.
Nā Huahana'Elepona Lapaʻau, Hoʻonohonohoʻana i nā Hua'ōlelo Lapaʻau Hou
ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā kālā iʻoi aku i ka $ 150 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki, loaʻa ka nui o nā hoʻokomo waiwai biotech a me nā noiʻi noiʻi. ʻO ka hua'ōlelo "biotech" i hoʻohana pinepineʻia me kēia māhele. ʻO kēia māhele o ka biotech e hoʻopuni ana i ka "pipeline"ʻikeʻikeʻia e hoʻomaka ana me ka noiʻi maʻamau e hōʻoia i nā genes a iʻole nā proteins e pili ana i nā maʻi i hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia e like me nā hōʻailona lāʻau a me nā mea hōʻailona.
Ke loaʻa ka pūnaewele hou a iʻole ka hopena protein, ua paʻiʻia nā mano hekanika eʻike i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka pahu hopu. ʻO nā kinikona e nānāʻia e hana paha i nā lāʻau lapaʻau (i kekahi manawa i kapaʻiaʻo "hits") a laila pono e hoʻonuiʻia, nānāʻia no nā hopena o nā meaʻino, a ma hope, ho'āʻoʻia i nā ho'āʻo o ka lāʻau.
ʻO nāʻoihanaʻoihanaʻeleʻele
He mea kani i kaʻenehanaʻenehana i kaʻike mua a me ka weheweheʻana i nā lāʻauʻaina. ʻO ka hapa nui o nāʻoihana lapaʻau e loaʻa nā polokalamu noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao iʻikeʻia ma kahiʻoihana paʻakikī e pili ana i nā kumuhanaʻenehana, a me nā hui hou liʻiliʻi e like me Exelixis, BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, a me Cephalon iʻike i ka lāʻauʻona a me ka uluʻana e hoʻohana pinepine ana i nāʻano pono'ī kūikawā. Ma waho aʻe o ka uluʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau pono, aia nā poʻe e like me Abbott Diagnostics a me Becton-Dickenson eʻimi ana i nāʻano e hoʻohana ai i nā maʻi hou e pili ana i ka maʻi e hana hou i nā diagnostics hou.
Hōʻike ka nui o kēia mau hoʻokolohua i nā mea i hoʻouna muaʻia no nā mau lāʻau hou e hele mai ana ma ka mākeke. Eia kekahi,ʻo ke kākoʻo noiʻi no nā lāʻau lapaʻau kahi lōʻihi loa o nāʻimi noiʻi a me nā hui hana hoʻolaha e hāʻawi ana i nā kuki, nā meahana, a me nā lako. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo nā kamupali like Life Technologies, Thermo-Fisher, Promega a me nā poʻe'ē aʻe e hāʻawi i nā mea hana a me nā pono no ka'imihana bioscience, aʻo nā hui e like me Molecular Devices a me DiscoveRx e hāʻawi i nā pūnaewele iʻike ponoʻia a me nā pūnaeweleʻike no ka lāʻau hou.
ʻO ka Biotechnology Agricultural - Mea maikaʻi loa
ʻO ke kumuhana likeʻole e hoʻohanaʻia no ka hoʻomohala lāʻauʻana e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka mahiʻai a me nā meaʻai. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole e like me nā mea lapaʻau, ke'enekeneke kinikinoʻaʻole i hoʻomohala i nā holomua o nā kumuhana hou-biotech hou. ʻO kaʻokoʻa, inā paha, ma muli o ka leleʻana o kaʻenehana,ʻaʻole i hoʻololi maoli ke kumuhana i kaʻano o kaʻoihana mahiʻai. ʻO ka mālamaʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona no ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā genetics e hoʻonui i ka pono a me ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i nā mea i hanaʻia no nā makahiki he mau makahiki. I keʻano,ʻo ka bioengineering wale nō ka hāʻawiʻana i kahi ala ala kūpono. ʻO nāʻoihana mahiʻai i kūkuluʻia, e like me Dow a Monsanto, hoʻokomo pono i nā'ōnaehana loea i kā lākou mau papahana R & D.
Nā GMO Plant a me nā holoholona
ʻO ka hapanui o nā mea nui e pili ana i nā hanaʻenehana aʻoi aʻe ma ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻoihana ,ʻo ia, ma keʻano heʻoihana, ua holomua loa. Mai ka manawa i hoʻokomoʻia ai ka hua mua i hoʻoponoponoʻia i ka makahiki 1994, ua lilo i mau mea kanu likeʻole me ka palaoa, ka soya, a me nā tōmato i maʻamau a hiki i kēia manawaʻoi aku ka hala o 90% o nā kānana, Soybeans, a me ka pua. ʻOiai e waiho ana ma hope o nā mea kanu bioengineered, hoʻohanaʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i nāʻoihanaʻenehana no ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i nā holoholona meaʻai.
E hoʻomanaʻo iā Dolly, ka hipa mua i uhiʻia? ʻO ia ka makahiki 1996. He mea maʻamau ka hoʻopuniʻana i nā holoholona, a ua weheweheʻia nā holoholona pālahalaha e pili ana i nā'ōpili e pili ana i nā hanana hou i ka pūnaewele o ka Federation of Animal Societies. ʻOiai ua hoʻomohanaʻia e nā mea i hoʻoponoponoʻia e nā geno i hoʻoponopono nuiʻia i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, uaʻano maikaʻi loa keʻano o nā mea kanu lāʻau. Wahi a ka 2011 International Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications '(ISAAA) 2011, ua kanuʻia he 160 miliona hekoa o nā hua GMO i ka makahiki 2011 me ke kūʻaiʻana i $ 160 biliona i ka palaoa i kālaiʻia.