E hoʻomaopopo i nāʻanoʻekolu o nā mea waiwai
No kēia kumu, ua maʻalahi kūʻaiʻia nā palekana. ʻO ia keʻano wai . He maʻalahi lākou i ke kumukūʻai, a he mea maikaʻi loa ka hōʻikeʻana i ke kumu waiwai o nā waiwai.
Pono e kūʻaiʻia nā mea kālepa e kūʻai a kūʻai aku i nā mea palekana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ua aʻoʻia lākou e hahai i nā kānāwai i hoʻoholoʻia e ka Commission Securities and Exchange .
ʻO ka hanahana o nā palekana i hoʻokumu i ka holomua o nā kālepa kālā .
ʻEkolu Hāmole o nā Puʻukū
1.ʻO nā hōʻai'ē kūponoʻo ia nā'āpana o ka hui. Hiki iāʻoe ke kūʻai i nā lāʻau o kahi hui ma o ka mea hoʻolale. Hiki iāʻoe ke kūʻai aku i nā'āpana o kekahi'āpana kālā e koho nei i nā lāʻau no kāu. ʻO ka māhele kiʻekiʻe no nā mea kūpono pololeiʻo ka makai kūʻai . Loaʻa iā New York Stock Exchange , ka NASDAQ a me nā BATS .
ʻO ka hoʻolaha muaʻana i ka manawa e kūʻai nā kamaliʻi i nā waiwai no ka manawa mua. ʻO nā kālepa kālā, e like me Goldman Sachs a Morgan Stanley paha , e kūʻai lilo aku i kēia mau mea i nā mea kūʻai kūʻai. ʻO nā IPO kekahi koho koho kālā. Hāʻawi nā kamaliʻi iā lākou ma nāʻano nui. I ka manawa e paʻi lākou i ka mākele kūʻai, piʻi nui ka uku. Akāʻaʻole hiki iāʻoe ke hoʻolilo i kahi kālā a hiki i kahi manawa i hala. I kēlā manawa, ua hāʻule ke kumukūʻai kūʻai ma lalo o ka mōhai mua.
2.ʻO nā hōʻai'ē'ai'ē he loans, i kapaʻiaʻo nā'ati , i hanaʻia i ka hui a iʻole ka'āina.
Hiki iāʻoe ke kūʻai i nā hōʻailona mai ka mea kūʻai aku. Hiki iāʻoe ke kūʻai aku i nā kālā likeʻole o nā koina i kohoʻia.
Nānā nā loiloi hōʻoia i ka mea e hiki ai ke ukuʻia. ʻO kēia mauʻoihana me nā Standard & Poor's , Moody's, a me Fitch. No ka hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻana i kahi kūʻai kūpaʻa lanakila, e uku nā mea noi i nā uku ukupaneʻe inā he lalo ka helu o ka AAA.
Inā haʻahaʻa ka heluʻana, uaʻikeʻia lākou he mau līlī paʻa . Ma muli o ko lākou pilikia, kūʻai nā mea kūʻai i nāʻaʻai lapaʻau no ka mea hāʻawi lākou i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa.
He loans nā paʻahana i kahi hui. Inā pili nā paʻa i kekahi'āina, uaʻikeʻia lākouʻo ka'ai'ē nui . ʻO ke aupuni kākoʻo o ke aupuni US Treasure bonds . No ka mea, eia nā hōʻailona palekana,ʻo ka hapaʻai o ka Waihona ke kiko'āina no nā loina'ē aʻe. IʻApelila 2011, i ka wā iʻoki aiʻo Standard & Poor i kona nānāʻana ma ka'ai'ē US , ua emi iho ka Dow i 200 mau helu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kumukūʻai o ka'Āpana Waihona i ka hoʻokele waiwai oʻAmelika.
3. Hoʻolālāʻia nā hopena i hoʻoiliʻia ma luna o ka waiwai o nā kumukūʻai paʻa, nāʻaina a me nā waiwai'ē aʻe. Hāʻawi lākou i nā mea kālepa i ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o ka kūʻaiʻana i ka waiwai pono'ī.
ʻO nā koho kālā eʻae iāʻoe e kālepa i nā lāʻau me ka kūʻaiʻoleʻana iā lākou. No kahi uku liʻiliʻi, hiki iāʻoe ke kūʻai aku i kahi koho kelepona e kūʻai i ke kumukūʻai i kahi lā i kekahi kumu kūʻai. Inā piʻi ke kumukūʻai, hanaʻoe i kāu koho a kūʻai i ke kumukūʻai ma kāu kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. Hiki iāʻoe ke hoʻopaʻa mau i ia mea a kūʻai koke paha i ia no ka ukuʻoi loa.
ʻO ke koho koho ua hāʻawi iāʻoe i ke kuleana e kūʻai i ke kumukūʻai ma kekahi lā i ka uku iʻaelikeʻia. Inā ua emi ke kumukūʻai kūʻai i kēlā lā, kūʻaiʻoe a kūʻai i ka waiwai ma ke kūʻaiʻana aku ma kahi iʻaelikeʻia,ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe.
Ināʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai,ʻaʻoleʻoe e hana i ka koho. ʻO ka uku wale nō ia no ke koho.
ʻO nāʻaelike o kēia wā he mau kumuhana e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai . ʻO ka mea maʻamau kaʻaila, nā kālā, a me nā huahana mahiʻai. E like me nā koho, ukuʻoe i kahi uku liʻiliʻi, i kapaʻia he palena. Hāʻawi iāʻoe i ka pono e kūʻai a kūʻai aku paha i nā kumukūʻai no ka uku iʻaelikeʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻOi aku ka pōʻino ma mua o nā koho ma muli o kāu hana. Ke komo neiʻoe i kahi'elike kūikawā āu e hoʻokō ai.
ʻO nā waihona waiwai i hoʻoiliʻia i nā waihona waiwai i hoʻoiliʻia ma muli o nā kumukūʻai mai nā pūpū o nā waiwai waiwai,ʻo ia hoʻi nā kaupaona. ʻO nā mea iʻike nuiʻia,ʻo ia nā hōʻai'ē moraki i kākoʻoʻia , a me ka mea i kōkua i ke kāohi i ka pilikia moemoeke pili . ʻO ka pepa kūʻai kālai'āina iʻikeʻoleʻia. ʻO ia kahi pūpū o nā loina pūnaewele i kākoʻoʻia e nā waiwai e like me ka waiwai kūʻai kūʻai a meaʻole paha.
Mālama i nā kuleana e lawe i kēia mau palekana a māhele iā lākou i ka paʻi, aiʻole nā'āpana, me ke kūlana like.
ʻO nā mea kūʻai i ukuʻia ma ke kumukūʻai he mau huahana i hoʻoholoʻia nā kumukūʻai i nā kānana wiki o nā pūnaehanaʻoihana. ʻAʻole lākou i koe. Manaʻo nā poʻe kālā i ka hoihoi o nāʻike e like me nā palapala paʻa. Ua hoʻonohonohoʻia ka hoʻihoʻiʻana o nā palekana e like me nā hoʻopiʻi o kēlā me kēia pule e mālamaʻia e nā mea kūʻai. He pālaʻu pāʻalā ia,ʻaʻole ka nui o nā mea kālā i komo. ʻO ia ka mea iʻoi aku ka hopena o nā palekana ma mua o nā mea paʻa. Ua pale ka palekana o ka palekana ma ka makahiki 2008. Ua waiho ka hapa nui o nā mea kālā e mālama ana i kaʻeke. Ua alakaʻi ia i nā noiʻi SEC.
Pehea ka hopena e pili ana i ke kālā
ʻO nā mea palekana e maʻalahi ka poʻe kālā me ka kālā eʻike i ka poʻe e pono e hoʻolimalima kālā . He mea maʻalahi ka maʻalahi a loaʻa i nā mea waiwai nui. Hoʻonui nā mea kūʻai i nā mākeke.
Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki ke maʻalahi ka mea kūʻai kālā no nā mea kālā eʻike ai i kahi o nāʻoihana e hana maikaʻi ana a me nā meaʻole. E wikiwiki ana ke kālā i nāʻoihana e ulu nei. ʻO kēlā hana maikaʻi a hāʻawiʻia he mea e hoʻonui ai i ka ulu.
Hoʻokumu nā mea hoʻolālā i nā wikiō iʻoi aku ka luku ma kaʻoihanaʻoihana . Ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ke kūʻaiʻana, hiki i nā mea kūʻai kālā ke kūʻai iā lākou me ka makemakeʻole. He nui nā mea e hana i nā koho me ka hoʻomaopopoʻoleʻoleʻana aʻikeʻole paha. I ka wā e hāʻule ai nā kumukūʻai kūʻai, e lilo ana kā lākou ola mālama ola. ʻO ka hopena i ka Pōʻalima Pole , hiki i ka Paha nui o ka makahiki 1929 .
Pili nā hua'ōlelo i kēiaʻino. I ka manawa mua, ua manaʻo nā mea kūʻai kālā he mea piliʻole ka kūʻaiʻana i nā kūʻai kālā. Uaʻae lākou iā lākou e hoʻopuni i kā lākou mau kālā. Inā kūʻai lākou i lāʻau, kūʻai lākou i nā koho e pale aku iā lākou inā pau ka huina kālā. Eia kekahi laʻana, uaʻae nā CDO i nā kālā e hana i nā loina hou aku. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ke kālā mai ka poʻe kūʻai kālā i kūʻai aku i ka CDO a lilo i ka pilikia.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino,ʻo kēia mau huahana hou ua nui loa ka waiwai. ʻO ka mea i hana i kahi hōʻailona waiwai i loko o ka hale, ka kāleka kāleka, a me kaʻai kī. Ua hanaʻo ia i nā koi a nui loa a me ka manaʻo wahaheʻe o ka palekana a me ka pōmaikaʻi. Na nā CDO iʻae i nāʻaukā e hoʻokuʻu i kā lākou mau palapala hoʻoili kālā, me ka hoʻoulu houʻana i kaʻole.
He mea paʻakikī kēia mau mea kālepa i kūʻai aku nā mea kūʻai iā lākou me ka maopopoʻole o lākou. I ka wā i pale ai nā pānaʻi, ua hoʻokūʻia ka makaʻu. Uaʻikeʻo nā'Āina i hikiʻole iā lākou keʻike i ka waiwai o ke kumu kūʻai. ʻO ia ka mea i hikiʻole ai iā lākou ke kūʻai aku ma ka māhele kiʻekiʻe.
I ka pō, ua nalowale ke kālepa. Ua hōʻole nā Bank i ka hāʻawiʻana i kekahi i kekahi no ka makaʻu o ka loaʻaʻana o nā CDO kūponoʻole i ka waiwai. No ka hopena, ua kūʻaiʻo Federal Reserve i ka kūʻaiʻana i nā CDO e mālama i nā kālepa kālā o ke ao holoʻokoʻa mai ka hāʻuleʻana. Na ka hopena i hoʻoholo i ka pōʻaiawai kālā o ka makahiki 2008 .