ʻO ke Market that Dwarfs ke Kele Waiwai
ʻO kēia māhele honua aʻelua mau wahi. ʻO ka muaʻo ka Interbank Market. ʻO kahi kahi e hoʻololi ai nā kālepa nui i nā kālā me kekahi. ʻOiaiʻo ia he mau lālā wale nō, he nui nāʻoihana.
ʻO ka hopena, ua'ōleloʻo ia i nā kumukūʻai kālā.
ʻO ka lua o ka māhele ke kūʻai aku ma luna o ka mākeke. ʻO ia kahi a me nā kānaka e kālepa. Ua lilo ka OTC i mea kaulana loa ma mua o ka nui o nāʻahahui e hoʻolaha nei i nā pūnaewele pāʻoihana pūnaewele. No ka mea hou aku, e nānā iā Forex Trading .
He kālepa ke kūʻai aku i waena o nā meaʻelua. ʻEkoluʻano o nāʻoihana. ʻO ka makai wahi kahi no ka uku kālā i ka manawa o ke kālepaʻana. ʻO ka mahele mua ka meaʻaelike e hoʻololi i nā kālā ma kahi kālā iʻaelikeʻia i ka lā e hiki mai ana. ʻO kaʻoihana kālepa nā meaʻelua. Kūleʻa nā mea kūʻai i ke kālā ma kahi mākaʻi kahi (i kēia mau lā) a kūʻai aku i ka helu hoʻokahi i ka māhele mua. Ma kēiaʻano, hoʻopau wale lākou i ko lākou pōʻino ma kēia mua aku. No ka nui o ke kālā,ʻaʻole lākou e nalo ma mua o ka uku o waho. I kēia manawa, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolilo i ke kālā i kūʻaiʻia ma kahi mākaʻikaʻi.
Ke Kū'ē Interbank
ʻO ka mākekeke kūʻokoʻa heʻupena o nā'ake e kūʻai ana i nā kālā me kekahi i kekahi.
Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kahi papa kūʻai kūʻai kālā i kahi papa hana. Pili mau lākou me kekahi i kekahi. Mālama ka hana i kaʻaelikeʻana o nā loli o ka hoʻololiʻana i ka honua a puni.
ʻO kaʻoihana kūʻai liʻiliʻi he hoʻokahi miliona o ke kālā i kālepaʻia. ʻO ka nui o nāʻoihanaʻoi aku ka nui, ma waena o 10 miliona a 100 miliona ka waiwai.
Ma muli o ia hopena, ua hoʻoholoʻia nā kumukūʻai kūʻai e ke kālepa pili waena.
ʻO ka māhele kūʻokoʻa me nāʻailaʻekolu i'ōleloʻia ma luna. Hoʻokomo pūʻia nā Bane ma ka māhele SWIFT. Hāʻawi ia iā lākou ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻoiliʻana o nā haole mai kahi'ē aku. ʻO SWIFT kahi pūnaewele o ka Society for World-Wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications.
Kūlepa nā kālepa i mea e waiwai ai lākou a me kā lākou mea kūʻai. Ke kūʻai aku lākou no lākou iho, ua kapaʻia he kālepa pono. ʻO kā lākou mau mea kūʻai komo nā kāpena, nā kālā waiwai waiwai nui, nā hui nui, nā kālā palepa a me nā waiwai waiwai. (Source: "Pehea keʻano kūʻai - Interbank a me ke Forex," FX Street.)
Eia nā kumumanaʻo nui loa heʻumikūmālima ma ka makai kūʻai kālā.
| Bank | 2015 Mahele o Forex Market |
|---|---|
| ʻO Citi | 16.11% |
| Deutsche Bank | 14.54% |
| ʻO Barclays | 8.11% |
| ʻO JP Morgan Chase | 7.65% |
| UBS | 7.30% |
| ʻO Bank of America | 6.22% |
| HSBC | 5.40% |
| BNP Paribas | 3.65% |
| ʻO Goldman Sachs | 3.40% |
| RBS | 3.38% |
| Kamupene Nui | 2.43% |
| Kūlana kūmole | 2.40% |
| ʻO Morgan Stanly | 1.97% |
| Credit Suisse | 1.66% |
| Ka Moku'āina | 1.55% |
(Source: "FX Survey 2015," Euromoney.)
Hoʻoponopono
I ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻopiʻiʻiaʻo Citigroup, Barclays, JPMorgan Chase a me ke Royal Bank of Scotland i ka hana hewaʻana i ka uku kālā. Eia kā lākou hana.
E hui pū nā mea kālepa ma nā 'āpana i nā lumi kūkākūkā pūnaewele.
Eʻae kekahi mea kūʻai e kūkulu i kahi kūlana nui ma kahi kālā, a laila hoʻokae i ka 4 pm Lānaina manawa i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻonohonohoʻia ai ka uku WM / Reuters. ʻO kēlā kumukūʻai e hoʻolālāʻia ana ma nā kālepa a pau e mālama ana i hoʻokahi minute. Ma ka kūʻaiʻana i kālā i kēlā minute, hiki i ke kālepa ke emi i ke kumukūʻai. ʻO ia ke kumukūʻai i heluʻia i nā hōʻailona i loko o ka waihona kālā. E loaʻa ka waiwai o nā mea kūʻai ma nāʻaki'ē aʻe no ka mea uaʻike lākou i ke kumu kūʻai.
Ua wahaheʻe kēia mau mea kālepa i kā lākou poʻe kūʻai e pili ana i ka uku kālā. ʻO kekahi o Barclays ka mea kālepa i ho'ākāka akuʻo ia he "kumukūʻaiʻoi loa i hiki iaʻu ke kau ma kahi kahi i hoʻoholo ai ka manaʻo o ka mea kūʻai e kūʻai me aʻu a hāʻawi paha i kaʻu hana i ka wā e hiki mai ana." (Source: "The Forex Fix," The Times Times, November 12, 2014. "ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana i nāʻoihana kūʻai'ē aʻe e hana ana i nā hui o nāʻauwai kiʻekiʻe,"ʻo ka New York Times, Mei 20, 2015.)
Ke kūʻai kūʻai aku
ʻO Chicago Mercantile Exchange ka mea mua e hāʻawi i ke kālepa kālā. Ua hoʻolālāʻia ka International Monetary Market i ka makahiki 1971.ʻO kekahi mau papahana kālepa e hoʻokomo iā'OANDA, Forex Capital Markets, LLC a me Forex.com.
ʻO kaʻoihana kūʻai kālepaʻoi aku ka poʻe kālepa ma mua o ka Interbank Market. Akā, ua emi ka huina kālā kālā. ʻAʻole ka pāʻoihana o ke kālepa kūʻai i nā kumukānāwai likeʻole. (Source: " Ke Kelepona Kū'ē ," Martin Boileau, Ke Kulanui o Colorado.)
Banks Central
ʻAʻole kūleʻaleʻa mau nā Central Central i nā kālā ma nā kālepa kālepa. Akā he ikaika koʻikoʻi ko lākou. Hoʻolālā nā Central Central i nā kālā he mau miliona i nā mālama'āina hoʻokele . ʻO Japan kahi $ 1.2 trillion,ʻo ka hapa nui ma nā kālāʻAmelika . Ua loaʻa i nā hui Kepani kālā ke kālā no ka hoʻokupuʻana. E kūʻai lākou iā lākou no kaʻae e uku i kā lākou poʻe hana.
ʻO Japan, e like me nā'auwaena waena, hiki iā ia ke kūʻai aku iā ia no nā kālā ma ke kālepa mua inā makemakeʻo ia i ka waiwai e hāʻule. Pēlā i lawe aku aiʻo Kepani i ka maikaʻi. Ua makemakeʻo Iapana e hoʻohana i nāʻanoʻoi akuʻoi aku, akā, e like me ka hoʻouluʻana a iʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i ka pānaʻi waiwai e hoʻopili i ka waiwai o ka yen. (Source: "Nā Mea Kiʻekiʻe ma ka Forex Market," FXStreet.com.)
Eia kekahi laʻana, hoʻolaha ka Federal Reserve i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka huina kālā ma ka makahiki 2014. E hoʻouna aku ana i ka helu o ke kālā he 15 pakeneka, e hoʻokumu ana i kahi pūpū waiwai .
Mōʻaukala
No nā makahiki 300 i hala aku nei, aia kekahiʻano o ka makeke kūʻai'ē. No ka hapanui o ka moʻolelo oʻAmelika,ʻo ka poʻe kālepa kālā wale nō he mau huihui hui nui i hana i nāʻoihana ma nā'āina he nui. Ua hoʻohana lākou i nā mākeke kūleʻa e kāohi i ko lākouʻikeʻana i nā kālā o nā'āina'ē. ʻO ia no ka hoʻopaʻaʻana o ke kālāʻAmelika i ke kumukūʻai o ke gula . No ka mea hou aku, eʻike i ka Gold Price History .
ʻAʻole i haʻalele ka maketi kālepa haole a hiki i ka makahiki 1973.ʻO ia ka manawa i wehe pono aiʻo Pelekikena Nixon i ka waiwai o ke kālā i ke kumukuai o kekahi auneke gula . ʻO ka mea i kapaʻia he gula ka mea mālama i ka tālā ma kahi waiwai paʻa o 1/35 o kahi auneke gula. No ka mea hou aku, e nānā i ka History of the Gold Standard .
I ka manawa i hoʻopauʻia aiʻo Nixon i ke kūlana gula, ua wikiwiki ka waiwai o ke kālā. Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka kumukūlā o ka helu no ka hāʻawiʻana i nā hui i ka hiki ke kāohi i kēia pilikia. Ua hana kekahi i ka US Dollar Index e hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi hoʻolālā kalepa. I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻokomoʻia nā kālepa, nā kālā o ka pā, a me nā mea kālepa i nā mea kūʻai. Uaʻoi aku ka makemake o lākou i ka hahaiʻana i ka waiwai ma mua o ka pilikia o ka pale.