E aʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻouluʻana i ka alumina a me ka meaʻoihana

ʻO ka nui o nā kumukūʻai'umihana nui loa o ka honua (ma nā huahana) ua hoʻopiliʻia he 25 miliona metric tononi o ke alumini alumini i 2012 a iʻole 55% o ka huahana holoʻokoʻa o ka honua. Hoʻokumu houʻo UC Rusal i ka papa inoa o nā mea hana,ʻoiaiʻo nā mea nui nui loa e komo pū anaʻo China Power Investment Corp., Shandong Xinfa Aluminium a meʻElaʻElia a me ka malihini hou Weiqiao Aluminium & Power Co. Ua hoʻonohonohoʻia ka papahana ma lalo nei - ma luna o nā huahana mai nā pahu hana mua e like me ka mea i hoʻomākaukauʻia e ka Metal Pūnaewele Hale Pūnaewele. ʻO nā kiʻi hoʻonohonoho - hōʻikeʻia ma kahi o kēlā me kēia inoa o ka hui - aia i loko o nā miliona miliona tononi.

  • 01 UC Rusal (Lūkia) - 4.173MT

    Ua hoʻokumuʻiaʻo Rusal i ka makahiki 2000 a, ma hope o kona huiʻana me SUAL a me ka loaʻaʻana o nā alumina waiwai mai Glencore, ua liloʻo ia i alakaʻi honua honua alumina ma ka makahiki 2007. Ke hana nei ka hui i 15 mau alumina, 12 alumina refineries a ua loaʻa iā lākouʻewalu mau minina. Ua hoʻonuiʻo Rusal i kāna puka ma ka 1 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2011 a 4,173,000 metric tonnes, kahi kokoke i 9 pakeneka o ka hana honua.

    Paena pūnaewele: www.rusal.ru/en

  • 02 Alcoa Inc. (USA) - 3.742MT

    ʻO Alcoa. ʻO Alcoa

    Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka Hui'Aminiumamika oʻAmelika (Alcoa Inc.) i Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania i ka makahiki 1888 a ke hoʻohana nei i kēia manawa ma nā'āina he 31. He maikaʻi nā kamupene i 25 mau meaʻenehana poʻokela, e helu ana i kahi o 7 pakeneka o ka hana honua. ʻOiai ua emi iki ka pukaʻana o Alcoa i ka makahiki 2012 i ke 3,775,000 metric tonnes, ua hoʻoneʻeʻia i ka lua o ka wahi mai ke kolu o nā mea hana mua. ʻO nā mea waiwai nui o ka'āpana waiwai,ʻo ia ka Fjardaál smelter (Iceland), Alcoa World Alumina a me nā mea kanu (Australia), nā Bahoʻo Baie-Comeau a me Becancour (Canada), aʻo San Cibrao Smelter (Spain) a me nā mea puhi ma Newburgh (Indiana), Ferndale (Washington), a me Rockdale (Texas).

    Paena pūnaewele: www.alcoa.com/

  • 03 Ke Kamihana Hui Alumina o Kina (Kina) - 3.502MT

    Chalco. Chalco

    ʻO ka Hui Aluminiuma o Kina Lūkini (ʻo ia hoʻiʻo Chalco a me Chinalco) ka mea kūʻai nui loa i hoʻoheheʻeʻia ma Kina. Ua hoʻonui ka hui puka 12 pakeneka ma ka 2011 a 3.5 miliona metoni tononi. He polokalamu kālepa'āinaʻo Chalco i heluʻia ma Shanghai, Hong Kong, a me New Exchange Stock Exchange. Ke hana nei kaʻoihana ma luna o 100,000 mau kānaka a he mau hana hoʻi e pili ana i ke kalapala keleawe , nā huahana kalapona, ke gallium , a me nā honua honuaʻole. ʻO ka mana nui o nā'āpana waiwai waiwai,ʻo Shandong Aluminium Company, Pingguo Aluminum Company, Shanxi Aluminium Plant and the Lanzhou Aluminum Plant.

    Paena pūnaewele: www.chalco.com.cn

  • 04 Na Kino Kiʻi Kokua Corp. (China) - 2.693MT

    Kina Kino Kino Kino Kina

    ʻO ka mea nuiʻoi aku ma ka papa inoa i kēia makahiki,ʻo ka China Power Investment Corp. (CPI) ua hoʻonui i kāna huahana piha i 95% mai ka 1.38 miliona metric ton i kahi kokoke 2.7 miliona mau tononi. ʻO ka moku'āina o ka moku'āina he hui kūʻokoʻa nui loa ia e paʻa ana i nā waiwai i ka mana mana, kahuhu, aluminika, railways a me nā awa. I hoʻokumuʻia i ka makahiki 2002, loaʻa ka CPI hoʻokomo i ka mana hana kumuhana o 2.77 miliona mau toni. ʻO ka mana nui o nā'āpana waiwai waiwai,ʻo ia ka Ningxia Qingtongxia Energy a me Aluminium a me CPI Aluminum International Trading Co. Ltd.

    Pūnaewele: http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/

  • 05 Rio Tinto Alcan Inc. (Kanada) - 2.174MT

    ʻo Rio Tinto. ʻo Rio Tinto

    Me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka emiʻana o 9 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻokaheʻia nā'ōmole aluminika Rio Tinto i kahi oʻelua miliona mau tononi metric. Aia ka'ilihui a me ka lawelaweʻana i nā mines bauxite a me nā alumina refineries ma Brazil, Australia, Guinea, a me Canada. ʻO kona mau alumina alumina e loaʻa ana i Canada (8 mau mea smelters), Cameroon, France, Iceland, Norway a me ka Middle East. I mea e mana ai i kona mau mea puhi, aiaʻo Rio Tinto he mau mana mana 11, a hāʻawi i ka 36% o ka lewa i puhiʻia e nā mea puhi.

    Paena pūnaewele: www.riotinto.com

  • 06 Norsk Moana ASA (Norway) - 1.985MT

    NorskʻOhana. NorskʻOhana

    Hoʻonuiʻia ka Norsk Hydro 16% ma mua o ka makahiki ma mua o 1,985,000 metoni metona. ʻO kaʻoihana Norwegian kekahi mea hana nui o nā bauxite, alumina, a me nā mea i hoʻomehanaʻia i ka alumina, kahi i hoʻohana i 22,000 poʻe ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa iā Norsk nā mea kanu ma Rjuken, Raufoss, Vennesla, Karmoy, Hoyanger, Ardal, Sunndalsora, Holmestrand, a me Magnor (ma Norway a pau). Eia naʻe,ʻo kānaʻoihana hoʻolimalimaʻana ma luna o bauxite a me nā alumina i Brazil, i loaʻa iā Vale mai i ka makahiki 2011. Qatalum, aia ma Qatar, he 50-50 hoʻohui hui pū me Qatar Petroleum a me Norsk Hydro a loaʻa i ka makahiki 585,000 mau kumu aluminika.

    Pūnaewele: www.hydro.com

  • 07 China Hongqiao Group Ltd. (Kina) - 1.821MT

    China Hongqiao. China Hongqiao

    ʻO China Hongqiao ka mea hou loa e komo i nā papa heʻumi ma ka makahiki 2012 ma o ka uluʻana i ka 18% i ka 1,821,000 metric ton. Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka hui i ka makahiki 1994, a ua hoʻokumuʻia ma Zouping, ka'āinaʻo Shandong, Kina. ʻO China Hongqiao Group Limited he lāina o ka China Hongqiao Holdings Limited nona nā'enela alumina i hanaʻia me nā mea alumina alumini i hoʻoheheʻeʻia, me nāʻenehana alumini alumini a me nā mea hanaʻenehana alumina. ʻO ka nui o ka waihona hanahana alumina o ka Group i kahi 2.2 miliona mau tononi.

    Paena pūnaewele: www.hongqiaochina.com

  • 08 Shandong Weiqiao Aluminum & Power Co. (China) - 1,715MT

    Shandong Weiqiao. Shandong Weiqiao

    ʻO Shandong Weiqiao ka lua o ka mea hou i ka papa heʻumi. ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka puka he 44 pakeneka i ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻolakoʻia e ka hui 1,715,000 metric tons o ke aluminiumini nui i ka makahiki. Honolulu i ka Bizhou, Shandong, Kina,ʻo kaʻoihana o nā hui i kēia manawa he 1.8 miliona metric tononi.

    Paena pūnaewele: wqlygs.alu.cn

  • 09 Shandong Xinfa Aluminium & Ulaina Lāhui Ltd. (China) - 1.63MT

    Shandong Xinfa Aluminium. ʻO Xinfa

    ʻO Shandong Xinfa Aluminum Group Co. Ltd. kekahi o nā kamupene alumini waiwai nui loa o Kina. Hoʻokumuʻia i ka makahiki 1972, heʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau lālā o kaʻoihana a 15,000 mau limahana e hana ana i ka mana hana, alumina a me ke alumina puhi, carbon carbon and downstream aluminum product manufacturing. Ua piʻi ka nui o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka alumina alumina i 60 pakeneka ma waena o 2011 a 2012, akāʻo ka hoʻonohonoho o kaʻaha i ka papa he umi i koe i ka heluʻeiwa. ʻO nā mea waiwai nui,ʻo ia hoʻiʻo Chiping Huaxin Aluminum Industry Co. Ltd.,ʻo Shandong Xinfa Hope Aluminum Co. Ltd. (Hope Hope Group) a me Guangxi Xinfa Aluminum Co. Ltd.

    Paena pūnaewele: www.xinfa.cnal.com

  • 10 Dubal Aluminum Co. (UAE) - 1.42MT

    Kaomi honua Aluminium. Kūleʻa

    Hoʻokumuʻia i ka makahiki 1979,ʻo Dubai Aluminum Corp. (aka Dubal) nona a hoʻohana i ka Jebel Ali aluminum smelter, kekahi o nā mea hana nui o ka alumina nui loa ma ka honua. Me ka loaʻaʻana o ka hōʻailona makahiki i ka 1.42 miliona tononi i ka makahiki 2012, hana ka complex i kahi 2,350 melawatt mana nui, kahi kīpona'okena nui, kahi hana hoʻolāʻau a me ka hoʻokalaka. Loaʻa i ka hui he 50% o ka mahele ma Emirates Aluminium (EMAL) ma Abu Dabi i kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻokomoʻia ka 1.3 miliona metric tononi ma ka 2014.