ʻO kahiʻano maʻamau o ka Coal Māmā me nā Hana Hana a me nā Hana Hana
Nāʻano o ka Coal
Ke hoʻohanaʻia ka lahu ahi, i kekahi manawa i kapaʻia he kahu ahi, e hana i nā mea kanu e hana ai i ka mahu no kaʻaila a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻoihana ahupuaʻa.
ʻO nā kuhi e holo ma ka mokumahu i kekahi manawa e hoʻopihaʻia me ka "coal", he inoa i kapaʻia no ka pahu kapu.
Ke hoʻohanaʻia ka puhihuhu'alehu, i kekahi manawa i kapaʻia he'alahu pila, i ka hanaʻana i ka coke pono no ka hana hao a me ke kila. ʻO Coke he pōhaku o ka carbon carbon concentrated i hoʻomohuʻia i ka walaʻau bituminous i nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa me kaʻole o ka ea. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻeʻana i ka lāhuhu i ka loaʻaʻole o ka oxygen e wehe i nā haumiaʻole,ʻo ia ka pyrolysis.
Nā Pū'āinana o ke KeʻalaʻUla
ʻO ka pahuhu'ōmaʻomaʻo ka loko o ka waiuma a hiki i ka 17 pakeneka. ʻO ka 0.5 ka 2 ōkene o ke kaumaha o ka'ōhuʻalumaluma ka nitrogen. Ua piʻi ka pahu helu o kaʻenehana carbonate a hiki i ka 85 mau ōkene, me kaʻeleʻele piha i ka 12 pakeneka ma ke kaupaona. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale houʻia ka'ōhuhu pilala e ka nui o nā mea iʻikeʻoleʻia i loko o ka waihona A, B, a me C, nā mea āpau, a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā mea kūikawā kekahi mea i hoʻokuʻuʻia mai ka lanahu i ke kiʻekiʻe wela.
I keʻano o ka lāhuhu, hiki i ka huapalapala e like me ka sulfur a me ka hydrocarbons.
ʻO ka maʻamau wela:ʻO ka pahu pahu kahe e hāʻawi ana i kahi 10,500 a 15,000 BTU i ka paona e like me ka mea i hanaʻia.
Loaʻa : He nui ka pahu. Ma mua o ka hapalua o nā waiwai a pau e loaʻa ana i ka pahu he mea maʻalahi.
Nā wahi minia : Ma ka US, hiki ke loaʻa ka lanahu minamina ma Illinois, Kentucky, West Virginia, Arkansas (Johnson, Sebastian, Logan, Franklin, Pope, a me Scott County), a me nā wahi ma ka hikina o ka muliwai Mississippi.
Nā Kauka pili i ke Environment
Hiki ke ahi ke ahi i ka ahi a me ka mea hiki ke hoʻonui i ka uahi a me nā mea nui - inā puhiʻia me ka pono ole. ʻO konaʻenehana sulfur kiʻekiʻe e kōkua i ka ua wai.
ʻO ka pahuhu paila ma loko o ka pyive'elepona, kahi lawelawe o nā mea poke e like me arsenic a me mercury. ʻO ka puhiʻana i nā kahuhuhu e hoʻokuʻu i nā lepo kūponoʻole i ka lewa e like me ka haumia. I loko o ka hopena, kokoke i 95 pakeneka o kaʻenehana sulfur o kaʻaila e hoʻonoeʻia a hoʻokuʻuʻia e like me nā kauwela sulfur.
ʻO nā mea kūpono i ka hopena o ka puhi kahe ma loko o nā meaʻokoʻa, nā mea e hoʻopihaʻia ai ka sulfur (SOx), nā oxygen hau (NOx), nā mīkini huapalapala e like me ke alakaʻi (Pb) a me ka Mercury (Hg), nā hydrocarbons phase like methane, alkanes, alkenes a me nā benzenes, a me dibenzo-p-dioxins polychlorined a me nā dibenzofurans polychlorin, iʻike nuiʻia he dioxins a me furan. I ke ahi, hoʻokuʻu pūʻia ka puhihuhuʻehu i nā mea weliweli e like me ke hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF) a me Polycarlic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Holo ka hopena kūponoʻole i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka PAHs, he kino kīkino. ʻO ka puhiʻana i ka pahuhuhu ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana e hoʻemi ana i kāna kalauna carbon monoxide.
No laila,ʻo nā'enehi hoʻokuʻu nui a me nā mea mālama i ke kulanui he mauʻoihana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa. ʻO ka'alalaha pumehana ka hana a me ka hoʻohālikeʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona.
Hoʻopuka ka pahu ahi i ka lepo hou i ka ea ma mua o ka hoʻonāʻana o ka puhi ahi, akā, no ka nui o kāna wela,ʻaʻole pono ka mea e pono ai ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ka uila. No laila, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka lanahu e like me keʻano o ka pollution ma o nā kilowati o ka uila.
Nā Hōʻike hou
I ke kenekulia 2000 nei,ʻo ka minaminaʻana i ka'alanihu minamina he hana weliweli loa ia, e lawe ana he 1,700 mau minina ma ka makahiki. I loko o ia manawa hoʻokahi, ua loaʻa i ka 2,500 mau kānaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka nele i ka nele no ka hopena o ka hanaʻana i ka pahuhu.
ʻO nā huaʻuʻuku o ka pahuhuʻaila maʻemaʻe i waihoʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i ka lāhuhuʻoihana kūʻai i kapaʻiaʻo "nā uku kala." He māmā nā kukini, lepo, a paʻakikī i ka mālamaʻana, a ua mālamaʻia i nāʻano maʻamau me ka wai i nā mea e hoʻopiliʻia e kaohi iʻole e puhi.
Ua hoʻomohalaʻia nāʻenehana hou i mea e uku hou ai. Hoʻokahi kahi e hoʻohana ai i kahi centrifuge e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea lahuʻa mai ka wai kai. ʻO nāʻaoʻao'ē aʻe e nakinaki i nā uku i loko o nā huapalapala e loaʻa ai kaʻenehana i loko o ka wai, e kūpono iā lākou no ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka wahie.
Kaʻanohu : Hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ka pahuhu ma waena o ka wela a me ka mea carbon e like me nāʻano pahuhu'ē aʻe, e like me ka ASTM D388 - 05 Hōhā Hōʻuluʻulu Manawa o nā Kolamu ma ka Rank.
E aʻo no nāʻano'ē aʻe o ka Coal
# 2 Kohu i hoʻonohonohoʻia - Hoʻokumu