ʻO ke kalapona kalapona ka nui aʻe ma mua o ka lignite, akā ma lalo o ka coal bituminous
Hoʻohālikeʻia ka'ōhuhu sub-bituminous i ka lehuʻulaʻula,ʻoiaiʻo kona hiʻohiʻona heʻano likeʻole ia i kaʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele e hoʻopiʻi i kaʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele. ʻO kona mauʻano likeʻole mai ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika i ka palupalu a me ka haʻalulu i muli o kona manawa waena - ma waena o ka pahu luminite a me ke'alaʻula (lignite). Ua hoʻohana nuiʻia ka lanahu no ka hanaʻana i ka mana a me nā hanaʻenehana. I kekahi manawa i kapaʻia he "ligniteʻeleʻele,"ʻaʻole i paʻa i ka wala ka mea i hoʻonāʻia i ka manawa eʻikeʻia ai i ka ea; makemake ia e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia.
ʻO kēiaʻano pahuhu i loko o ka'iluma a me nā mea iʻoi aku kaʻole ma mua o nāʻano kehuhuhu'ē aʻe, akā he mau lalo sulfur. ʻO ka pahu wela sub-bituminous he mea wela ia e like me 8,500 a 13,000 Beta ma ka paona, e like me ka minimina.
Nāʻano o Sub-Bituminous Coal
ʻO ka'alapalapala sub-bituminousʻaʻole ia e hoʻonani a loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi o ka sulfur akāʻoi aku ka māʻona - e like me 10 i 45% - a me nā mea piliʻole - e piʻi i ka 45% - ma mua o nāʻano kehu. Loaʻa iā ia 35 a 45 mauʻenehana kalapona; ua piʻi ka'enehe o ka'enela ma kahi o 10 hapa. ʻO kaʻilima o ka'alapalapala he mauʻenehana ma lalo o 2 pakeneka ma ke kaupaona. Nitrogen e hoʻonui i kahi 0.5 a 2% o ke kaumaha o ka pahu.
Ka hopena o ka nohona
Hiki i ka puhiʻiaʻana o ka lāhu ahi i keʻano o nā meaʻokoʻa paha e komo ai i loko o nā meaʻokoʻa, sulfure sulfide (SOx), nā oxygen (NOx), a me Mercury (Hg). Hoʻolakoʻia ka'ōhuhu sub-bituminous i ka lehu iʻoi aku ka nui o ka'enekalikai ma mua o nāʻehu ahi.
ʻO kēiaʻano e hiki ke kōkua i ke emiʻana o ka uakiko wai e hanaʻia ma muli o ke kauʻiaʻana o ke kumuhana lāʻau. Hoʻohuiʻia ka'ōhuhu sub-bituminous i ka pahuhu baila e hōʻike ana i nā papa hana hoʻopiliʻia i hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka pūmole sulfur i hoʻokuʻuʻia e ka pahuhuhu bituminous , a no laila e ho'ēmiʻia ka aʻoʻana o kaʻehu.
Ke puhiʻia ka puhi wela sub-i nā mahana wela kiʻekiʻe, ua ho'ēmiʻia ke kalaʻana o ka carbon monoxide.
Ma muli o kēia hopena, hiki i nā'āpana hoʻolālā liʻiliʻi a me nā mea mālamaʻole i ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻoihana poke. ʻO nā kānaka e hoʻohana ana i ka lāhuhu sub-bituminous i loko o nā kīʻaha o ka hale a iʻole nā pahu ahi e'ōlelo aku i ka lūlū nui me ka uahi aʻaʻole ka clinkers. Hiki i ka'āpana lehu kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻi i ka huki.
Ua hoʻonāʻia nā pilikia e pili i ke kaiapuni i nā mea mana o ka manala elepē e hoʻohana i ka lāhuhu subuminal a me ka lignite ma kahi o ka pahu kapu. ʻO keʻano,ʻo ka lanahu i laweʻia mai nā ipu wai wai ma ke komohana oʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, he mau lalo sulfur haʻahaʻa, a he mea maikaʻi ia no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nāʻoihanaʻoihana, e like me ka Environment Protection Protection. Hoʻomaopopo hou ka EPA i kahi o 95% o ka sulfur i loko o ka pahuhu pahu e hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka lewa e like me ke kino e hoʻemiʻia ka puhiʻana o ka pahu ma lalo ke puhiʻia.
Nā'Iha'ē aʻe e pili ana i ka Subal Bituminous Coal
Loaʻa : Kaulike. Aia ma kahi o 30 pakeneka o nā kumu kai kaʻa ma United States heʻano bituminous. ʻOi aku kaʻoihana oʻAmelika Huipūʻia ma mua o nā'āina'ē aʻe i ka nui o nā kumu o ka'āpana minamina sub-bituminous, me nā mea i kūkuluʻia he 300,000 miliona tononi. ʻO nā'āina'ē aʻe me nā waiwai nui e like me Brazil, Indonesia, a me Ukraine.
Wahi Koina : Wyoming, Illinois, Montana, a me nā wahi'ē aʻe ma ke komohana o ka muliwai Mississippi.
Kaʻanohu : Kekahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 3 ma ka wela a me ke carbon carbon i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me nāʻano pahuhu'ē aʻe, e like me ka ASTM D388 - 05 Hoʻohālikelike Papahana o nā Kahili ma o Rank.
E aʻo no nāʻano'ē aʻe o ka Coal
# 2 Kohu i hoʻonohonohoʻia - Hoʻokumu
# 3 Keʻena Coal - Sub-Bituminous