E alakaʻiʻia ana e Korea, Kelemānia, United Kingdom, Iapana, Mekikoka, New Zealand a Belgian i ka Top 10.
ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi kaʻoihana loea heʻoihana ma mua o kaʻole, me 72 pasene o nāʻoihana biotechnoho maʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia me 50 mau ukuʻoihana.
Ka heluʻana e ka hōʻiliʻili kālā a me nā kumuhana R & D
ʻO ka helu o nāʻoihana he ala hoʻokahi e kūkala i nāʻoihanaʻenehana ma o ka'āina,ʻoiaiʻo ka hoʻolālāʻana i ka noiʻi a me ke kūkuluʻana he mea'ē aʻe. ʻOʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa i hoʻopuka aku i kāna mea hoʻokūkū kokoke, France,ʻewalu a hoʻokahi, kokoke i kahi $ 27 biliona aʻoi aku ma mua o $ 3 biliona i ka 2012.ʻO nā mea nui'ē aʻe he Swiss, Korea, Iapana, Kelemānia, a me Denmark ma kahi o hoʻokahi piliona kālā.
ʻO ka Land Landscape no kaʻimi a me ke kūkuluʻana
Eia naʻe, uaʻikeʻia nā'eneke noiʻi a me nā papahana hoʻolālā i ka pākuʻiʻana i ka Europa, Iapana, a me kaʻAmelika Huipūʻia mai ka makahiki 2008, me ka 1.6 pakeneka ulu ulu no ka makahiki 2008 a hiki i ka makahiki 2012. I kēia manawa, hoʻomauʻo Kina i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻolālā ma R & D , hoʻololi hou i waena o 2008 a 2012.
Ma muli o ka hopena, manaʻoʻiaʻo China e alakaʻi mua i ka R & D ma ka 2019, e like me ka'OECD. Uaʻikeʻia ka hōʻike o ka makahiki 2012 he nui nā kālā o ke aupuni i nā'āina he nui, no laila,ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoikaika i nā kumukānāwai R & D me ka uku kālā o ke aupuni e like me ka nui o ka pōʻino o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka makahiki 2008-2010.
Penei i ka 2010 OECD hōʻike e pili ana i ka'enekema a me kaʻenekini, akā, uaʻikeʻia kaʻoihana o kaʻoihanaʻoi aku iʻoi aku ma mua o nā makahiki he nui no nā lāhuiʻo'OECD,ʻo Singapore, Brazil, China, India, a me South Africa (OECD, 2010).
ʻOiaiʻo Iapana ka lua o ka papa heluʻelua no nā pae hoʻohālikelike e ka OECD,ʻaʻole ia i kū ma ke poʻo 5 ma muli o nā kumu kumu a me nā pae hoʻohālikelike'ē aʻe. IʻAukake 2010, uaʻikeʻo Scientific Amercian i nā māheleʻenehana 5 ma "Worldview Scorecard" ma Oʻahu, Singapore, Canada, Sweden, a me Denmark.
Ua hoʻolālāʻia kēlā mau papa helu me nā papahana i lalo: IP a me ka mana hiki ke pale iā ia, ikaika, ho'ākākaʻia e like me ka hoʻolimalimaʻana ma ka R & D, ka loaʻa o ke kumupuka waiwai a me ke kākoʻo, ka poʻe akamai makaukau a me ke kūlana o ka'āina ma keʻano o kaʻoihana kūʻai a me nā kumu'ē aʻe. ʻO nā'āina e hana maikaʻi ana,ʻo ia ka poʻe e ikaika ikaika ai no ka hoʻomohalaʻana i nāʻenehana a me nāʻano koho no ka loaʻa kālā kālā noiʻi.
Ma waho o nā palena: Hōʻoiaʻo Biotechnology 2010, na Ernst a me Young, e hōʻike anaʻo China a me India keʻano heʻelua'āina nui loa no ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka huahana o ka huahana (GDP) i ka manawa i kapaʻiaʻo ka Global Decession of two years past.
Hōʻikeʻia nā kumukūʻai e lilo kokeʻo Kina iʻekolu kelepa kūʻai kālai'āina ma hope o ka USA a me Iapana, a, he wahi kaulana iʻole e hoʻolālāʻia, e hana maikaʻiʻia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. Ua hoʻonuiʻia hoʻiʻo India mai ka ho'ēmi a me ke kumukūʻai o nā lāhui'ē aʻe i ka wā o ke kāpiliʻana, no kona poʻe akamai loa a me ka ukuʻana o kaʻoihana hana a me nā noiʻi noiʻi.
Nā kumuhana:
OECD, Hoʻohui Houi 2015. http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/keybiotechnologyindicators.htm
ʻO Ernst & Young, 2010. Ma waho o nā palena: Hoʻomāhala i kaʻike o ka honua 2010.