Ua hoʻonuiʻia kēiaʻenehana no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka maʻamau,ʻaʻole wale ma ka hua bacteria, akā ma nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona iʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hoʻokomoʻia nā genes e hāʻawi nei i nā kūlana maikaʻi, e like me ka hōʻaliʻana i nā lāʻau pesticides, ka palekana i nā maʻi viral, aiʻole nā hua ulu nui i loko o ka DNA o ka lāʻau a holoholona paha.
ʻO kēia pūnaewele hoʻohuihui kahi huahana genetically modified (GMO) me kekahiʻano i makemakeʻia.
ʻO kaʻai mua GM
ʻO ka meaʻai mua i hoʻopihaʻia (GM) i kūʻaiʻia,ʻo ia nā'ōmatoʻo Flavr-Savr, i hoʻomakaʻia ma nā makahiki 1990 e Calgene, Inc. Ua kālepaʻia ka hui e Monsanto ma hope koke o kaʻaeʻana o nā'ōmato i ke kūʻai. Hoʻopiliʻia kēia mau'ōmato e kāohi i ka polygalacturonase gene e hoʻokaʻulua i ka wikiwiki o lākou e hoʻolulilulu ma hope o ka uluʻana.
Flavr Savr E hiki ke ohiʻia nā tumatohi aʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nāʻano likeʻole. Eia naʻe, no ka kohoʻana i ka DNA i hoʻopau i ka moʻo polygalacturonase i loko o ke kōmato, ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i ka lua o ka mea e hiki ai i ke kino ke kū'ē i ka antibiotic kanamycin. ʻO Flavr Savr Tomatoes, laila, ua hōʻikeʻo ia i kēiaʻano kānā aʻaamycin resistance.
ʻO ka māmā haʻahaʻa o nā tōmato i hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai o ka hanaʻana i nā hua'ōkato, e like me ka paʻipī kaila, no laila ua hoʻohanaʻia lākou e hana i nā palapala liʻiliʻi o nā hua tōmato kanu i kūʻaiʻia ma nā supermarkets ma ke KomohanaʻAmelika a me ka United Kingdom.
I ka makahiki 1998, ma hope o ka hoʻopuka o Arpad Pusztai i ke kūkamaiʻo UK i ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i nā meaʻai GM ma kahi polokalamu pākīpika British, kūʻai nui nā kūʻai. Ua hele aku nā flaatoʻo Flavr Savr i kahi kūʻai i ka makahiki 1999.
ʻO ka Pelekane Engineered
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hou loa o ka hua i hoʻohuiʻiaʻo ka Rainbow Papaya. I ka makahiki 1990, ua hoʻoiho ka huapuni momona i ka papa hana papaya e 40%.
I ka paneʻana, ua hanaʻo Dr. Dennis Gonsalves, ma ke Kulanui o Hawaiʻi, i nā mea e paʻi ai i ka papaya e hana i kekahi o nā kinai huapoki pūmele (kahi huapona virus) i hoʻoikaika i ka lāʻau papaya i ka maʻi viral. Ua like keʻano o ka manaʻo like i ka lāʻauʻana.
Ma keʻano likeʻole i kaʻike o ka "mahiʻai nui" e hāpai ana i nā huaʻai GM ma ke kālepa, ua hoʻolako muaʻia nā kumulāʻau Rainbow Papaya me ka ukuʻole a ua kūʻaiʻia i kēia manawa e ka Hawaii Papaya Industry Association waiwaiʻole. ʻO ka Papalina Papaya ka huaʻai GM wale nō i kūʻaiʻia (koe wale no nā tōmato inā manaʻoʻoe he hua).
ʻO ka hōʻeuʻeu i ka Virus Pūpokō
ʻOiai ua ho'ōlaʻo Rainbow Papaya i kaʻoihana Pāpaʻi Hawaiʻi, ua kaupalenaʻia kaʻoihana kūʻaiʻoihana ma muli o ka hapa nui o ka mākeke no nā papayas. Eia kekahi laʻana, he $ 15 miliona ke kūʻaiʻana o ka papaya Hawaiian i Iune i ka makahiki 1996, akā he $ 1 miliona wale nō i ka 2010.ʻO ka hōʻailona o ka Papakole Papaya i kūʻaiʻia ma waho o ka US he mea nui loa ia i ka holoʻana i kaʻoihana kalepa.
Ma hope o ka halaʻana o nā makahiki he umi o ka lobbying, uaʻae loaʻo Japan i ka kūʻaiʻana o ka Rainbow Papaya i ka hopena o ka makahiki 2011, e hāʻawi iā Hawaii i ka manawa e hoʻokuʻu i kāna mākeke papaya.
ʻOiai e kapaʻia ka inoaʻo Rainbow Papayaʻo ia kaʻai GM, akā, koe nō eʻikeʻia ai ka hopena o ka maikaʻi o nā huaʻona hou i ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i kaʻai GM.
ʻO ka palaoa a me nā pua:ʻO ka GMO Success
ʻOiaiʻo ka loaʻaʻana o nā meaʻai a pau i hoʻopiliʻia i ka genetically, heʻano liʻiliʻi ia,ʻo nā meaʻai i hanaʻia me nā huahana GM ua lilo i waiwai nui i nā makahiki heʻumikumamālua i hala iho nei. ʻO ka hapanui o nā mea i'āponoʻia i ka meaʻai,ʻo ia nā mea kanuʻoihanaʻoihana e like me ka kānana, ka soy, a me ka hulu (ua hoʻohanaʻia kaʻaila i ka mea i hoʻomanaʻoʻia).
I ka makahiki 2011, ua uluʻia he 160 miliona hekoa o nā hua GM, 90% o ia mau mea ma ka US, Brazil, Argentina, India, a me Canada. ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o 10% o ka'āina ulu honua. Ma kahi o 82% o kaʻili, 75% o ka soybeans, 32% o ka palaoa, a 26% o ka canola ke hoʻohuiʻia.
ʻOiai ka nui o nā huaʻai GM i hele i nā meaʻai holoholona a me nā meaʻai, ua lilo nā GMO i mea maʻamau i nā meaʻai o ka Hemisphere Komohana a me Inia. Hōʻikeʻia he 70% o nā mea i kūʻaiʻia i kūʻaiʻia ma ka US a 60% o nā mea i hoʻolakoʻia i kūʻaiʻia ma Kanada e kanuʻia nā mea kanu maoli, kahi nui loa mai GM soybeans a me ka palaoa. I ka hoʻohālikeʻana,ʻo kahi wale nō 5% o nā mea i hoʻoponoponoʻia ma nā papahana kūʻai ma'Elepa, aia nā GMO.
Nā Kiwi GM
Hoʻonuiʻia nā holoholona āpau i hoʻololiʻia a hoʻohanaʻia i ka noiʻi. Eia kekahi laʻana, he mau mea hoʻohālike maʻamau no kaʻikeʻana a me ka uluʻana i nā lāʻauʻona. Eia naʻe, no laila,ʻaʻole i hoʻokomoʻia nā holoholona GM i ka mākekeʻai.
ʻO ka wīwī o ka holoholona holoholona GM hiki ke loli koke, akā, ināʻaeʻia ka Salmon'āpono. ʻO ka Salmon Aast More Salmonʻo ia ka moemona'Alalani me kahi hōʻailona hormonone nui'ē aʻe i hoʻokomoʻoleʻia i loko o kāna DNA. ʻO kēia pūʻano mai ka waimāmāʻo Chinook ka uluʻana o ka Salmon AguAdvantage e ulu nui aʻe ma mua o kona mau hoahānau kūlohelohe.
I ka malamaʻo Sepatemapa 2010, he loiloi hou mai ka Kōmike Aʻo Hana Ola o ka FDA, "he nui o nā hopena ho'āʻo i hoʻokumu i nā like a me ke kūlike ma waena o AquAdvantage Salmon a me ka salmon Atlantic" e pili ana i ka paleʻai. Eia nō naʻe, oiai ka mana o kaʻawa hope loa no ka wailele i manaʻoʻia i loko o kekahi mau mahina ma hope o kēia hoʻolālāʻana, aia nō i ka kokokeʻelua makahiki ma hope.
ʻAʻohe Easy Answers i nā GMO
He kūlohelohe a hoʻomāinoinoʻole pahaʻo GMO i kā mākou mau meaʻai aiʻole ka hoʻopauʻiaʻana o kaʻenehana hou no ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i kā mākouʻai? ʻOiaʻiʻo,ʻo ia ka mea āu e noi nei. ʻO nā mea kanu GM, i ka liʻiliʻi, ua lilo i mea nui a hoʻonui i ka māheleʻai meaʻai o ka honua.
Ua hanaʻia nā hana maʻamau i nā makahiki he mau makahiki no ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka loiloi mahiʻai i loaʻa i nā mea kanu i ka palaoa a me ka palaoa, nā moa palatesque, a me nā haneli he nui. Ua hanaʻia kēia mauʻenehana i ka heluna nui o 7 miliona.
I kēia lā,ʻo ke'enekenekema kelepona paha keʻanoʻoi aku e pono ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi houʻana i ka meaʻai i nā pilikia o ka piʻiʻana o ka lehulehu. E alakaʻi i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i DNA ma keʻano he mechanical engineeringʻelele i ka hopena o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka ulu a me ka uluʻana i ka uluʻana i nā pilikia e hiki mai ana o ka hānaiʻana i ka honua, a iʻole paha he hopena pilikia e hiki ai ke alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi o ke ola honua?